Lwandle plate

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Lwandle and its neighboring plates are shown. This figure is simplified, modified from Stamps et al.[1]

The Lwandle Plate is one of three tectonic micro-plates that previously made up the African Plate, along with the Somali Plate and the Nubian Plate. Its discovery is very recent, so the velocity of the plate isn't well known or understood.[2] Many experiments are ongoing to quantify this. The Lwandle Plate lies between 30°E and 50°E, sharing a boundary with the Nubia, Somali and Antarctic Plates.[3]

The Lwandle Plate is largely oceanic, resting off the southeast coast of Africa. It is currently believed that the bottom half of Madagascar is part of the Lwandlean Plate, with one of the plate boundaries cutting through the island.[3][4][1]

Origin

The East African Rift, where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate and two parts of the African Plate—the Nubian and Somali—which eventually led to the formation of the Lwandle plate as well as other micro-plates. The Afar Triangle, shaded at the center, is a triple junction that separates the three plates. From USGS[5]

For many years it was widely accepted that rifting in the East African Rift system, 22-25 million years ago, resulted in the splitting of the African Plate into 2 smaller plates - the Somali Plate and the Nubian Plate.[6] However, most recently, through the application of GPS technology and integration of earthquake data, it was discovered that the rift created three additional “micro-plates” plates - the Lwandle Plate, Victoria Plate, and Romuva Plate.[2]

Earthquakes occur most often at plate boundaries and have been used as a guide to predict the locations of multiple plate boundaries.[7][8] “Lwandle’s” existence was postulated after studying earthquake data in areas that were once assumed to be the interiors of the Nubian and Somali plates.[9] By including the Lwandlean Plate in their calculation, researchers were able to more accurately solve for the intersection between the East African Rift and the Southwest Indian Ridge.

GPS technology and data was also introduced in an effort to show with certainty the difference between the Somali Plate and the Nubian Plate. Using the GPS data, researchers could measure the velocity of tectonic plates from their interiors.[10][11][12]

The existence of the Lwandle Plate was first quantified using the Lwandle-Antarctica-Nubia plate circuit closure constrained by spreading rates and transform azimuths along the Southwest Indian Ridge. Mathematical plate circuit closure is attained while including the existence of Lwandle; using plate circuit closure, plate velocities can be calculated from the velocities of other plates.[4][13]

In 2008, the entire East African Rift System was successfully "quantified" through the integration of the GPS and earthquake data with the spreading rate and transform azimuth constraints.[1]

There have been very few studies that directly study the Lwandlean Plate. Previous studies about Lwandle have primarily been focused on attempting to quantify the mechanics of the African Rift System.[2] For this reason, the presumed evolution and formation of the micro-plates are not well known.

The discovery of this plate is revolutionary. Its discovery clarifies that the term “African plate” no longer applies to present-day plate tectonics.[14]

Changing the world map

Tectonic Model Excluding Lwandle Plate Tectonic Model Including Lwandle Plate
In this model, Lwandle is considered to be part of the Somali Plate.
Old model.jpg
 In this model, Lwandle is its own, separate plate.
New model.jpg

Boundary types

The majority of Lwandle's plate boundaries are not well understood.[1] What is known is:

  • Southern Boundary - The Southwest Indian Ridge, an ultra-slow spreading ridge with a slow spreading rate of about 12-18 mm/yr, acts as the southern boundary.[2][14] This spreading ridge separates Lwandle from the Antarctic plate.[15]
  • Eastern Boundary - To the east, the boundary may be more of a diffuse boundary. There are current studies trying to pinpoint the exact location of this boundary; it is believed to cut across Madagascar, making it Lwandle's only boundary that is not purely oceanic. Earthquake slip vectors are the primary constraint that predict the actual plate boundaries. Velocity predicted at this boundary is 1.3-1.4 mm/yr. This boundary separates Lwandle from the Somali Plate.[3]
  • Western Boundary - The western boundary is especially poorly understood; there is very little seismic activity along this boundary.[9] Despite that, a misfit to a seafloor magnetic anomaly strongly suggests that motion exists.[3][16] Some models suggest it is a right-lateral strike slip boundary with a rate of about 1 mm/yr, with some extension.[1] Still, others even suggest that motion ceased at this boundary approximately 11 million years ago.[17] This boundary separates Lawndale from the Nubian Plate.[3]
  • Northern Boundary - Bordering the Lwandle plate to the north is the Romuva plate.[1]

Modern movements

GPS data paired with earthquake slip data is used to estimate the velocity of the Lwandle Plate and its neighbors. The velocity of the Lwandlean Plate, relative to the Nubian and Somali plates, is estimated to be a very slow rate (1-2 mm/yr). With these low rates of motion, it is expected that this area wouldn't have much seismic activity. The data shows exactly that.[2] Though Lwandle is moving faster relative to the Antarctic plate than to Nubian and Somali, this spreading ridge is one of the slowest on planet Earth, spreading at less than half the rate of human fingernail growth.[18] It appears that, for now, Lwandle will be in its current position for quite some time.[3]

Red arrows show the relative plate velocity at that boundary.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Stamps, D. S., E. Calais, E. Saria, C. Hartnady, J.-M. Nocquet, C. J. Ebinger, and R. M. Fernandes, 2008, A kinematic model for the East African Rift: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 35, issue 5. DOI:10.1029/2007GL032781
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Saria, E., 2014, Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift: Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth vol. 119, issue 4. DOI:10.1002/2013JB010901
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 DeMets, C., R. Gordon, and D. Argus, 2010, Geologically current plate motions: Geophys. J. Int 1–80: 39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Horner-Johnson, B., R. Gordon, and D. Argus, Donald, 2007, Plate kinematic evidence for the existence of a distinct plate between the Nubian and Somalian plates along the Southwest Indian Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 112, issue B5. DOI:10.1029/2006JB004519
  5. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey, retrieved 25 October 2014.
  6. ↑ Ebinger, C. J., 2005, Continental break-up: the East African perspective: Astro. Geophys, vol. 46, issue 2.
  7. ↑ Calais, E., C. J. Ebinger, C. Hartnady, J. M. Nocquet, 2006, Kinematics of the East African Rift from GPS and earthquake slip vector data, in G. Yirgu, C. J. Ebinger, and P. K. H. Maguire, eds., The Afar Volcanic Province Within the East African Rift System: London, Geological Society Special Publication 259. pp. 9–22.
  8. ↑ Kelleher, J., L. Sykes, and J. Oliver, 1973, Possible criteria for predicting earthquake locations and their application to major plate boundaries of the Pacific and the Caribbean: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 78, issue 14, pp. 2547–2585. doi:10.1029/JB078i014p02547
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hartnady, C. J. H., 2002, Earthquake hazard in Africa: perspectives on the Nubia-Somalia boundary: news and view: South African Journal of Science, vol. 98, issues 9 & 10: pp. 425–428.
  10. ↑ Nocquet, J.-M., and E. Calais, 2003, Crustal velocity field of western Europe from permanent GPS array solutions, 1996-2001: Geophysical Journal International, vol. 154, issue 1, pp. 72–88. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01935.x
  11. ↑ Altamimi, Z., L. Métivier, and X. Collilieux, 2012, ITRF2008 plate motion model: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 117, issue B7. doi:10.1029/2011JB008930
  12. ↑ Calais, E., L. Dong, M. Wang, Z. Shen, and M. Vergnolle, 2006, Continental deformation in Asia from a combined GPS solution: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33. doi:10.1029/2006GL028433
  13. ↑ Fowler, C. M. R., 2006, The solid earth: an introduction to global geophysics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521893077.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Horner-Johnson, B., R. Gordon, S. Cowles, and D. Argus, 2005, The angular velocity of Nubia relative to Somalia and the location of the Nubia—Somalia–Antarctica triple junction: Geophysical Journal International, vol. 199, issue 3, pp. 221–238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02608.x
  15. ↑ Chu, D., and R. Gordon, 1999, Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge: Nature, vol. 398. doi:10.1038/18014
  16. ↑ Lemaux, J., R. Gordon, J.-Y. Royer, 2002, Location of the Nubia-Somalia boundary along the Southwest Indian Ridge: Geology, vol. 42, issue 10.
  17. ↑ Patriat, P., H. Sloan, and D. Sauter, 2014, From slow to ultraslow: A previously undetected event at the Southwest Indian Ridge at ca. 24 Ma: Geology, vol. 42, issue 10. doi:10.1130/G24270A.1
  18. ↑ Cheadle, M., and B. John, Ultra Slow Spreading Ridges and Oceanic Core Complexes: Big Mountains and Bigger Faults: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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