Changes

==History of geological maps==

==History of geological maps==

[[W:William_Smith_(geologist) | William Smith (1769)]], a British engineer known as a pioneer of stratigraphy, created a very useful geology maps and illustrated the distribution of rocks on a topographic map.

[[W:William_Smith_(geologist) | William Smith (1769)]], a British engineer known as a pioneer of [[stratigraphy]], created very useful geology maps and illustrated the distribution of rocks on a topographic map. The idea of making an original map of rock distribution was invented in 1684 by [[w:Martin Lister | Martin Lister (1639-1712)]]. Lister stated that the distribution of different types of British landscape could be accurately represented on topographic maps:

The idea of making original map of rocks distribution was coined in 1684 by [[w:Martin Lister | Martin Lister (1639-1712)]]. Lister stated that the distribution of different types of British landscape could be accurately represented on topographic maps:

  The Soil might either be coloured, by variety of Lines, or Etchings; but the great care must be, very exactly to note upon the Map

  The Soil might either be coloured, by variety of Lines, or Etchings; but the great care must be, very exactly to note upon the Map

By which Lister concluded that the soil types mapping can also maps the distribution of rocks in the subsurface. Yet, the next important stage from Lister is not continued.

By which Lister concluded that the soil types mapping can also map the distribution of rocks in the subsurface.

[[w:Luigi Ferdinando Marsili | Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730)]] created topographic maps for military use of the visited countries (Italy, France, Germany, the Balkans, and Turkey). Marsigli published a mining district map in Hungary and sketched the distribution of sulfur near his hometown, Bologna (1717). Probably, the first geological map drawn by an anonymous naval cartographer in 1757 where in the Heligoland islands he added boundaries of four different types of rocks.<ref>Franceschelli, C. &Marabini, S. 2006: Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730): A Pioneer In Geomorphological And Archaeological Surveying. In Vai, G.B. Ed, The Origins Of Geology In Italy: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 411: 129-139</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, D. (2013): Maps As Pictures Or Diagrams: The Early Development Of Geological Maps. In Baker, V.R. Ed, Rethinking The Fabric Of Geology: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 502: 41-101</ref>

[[w:Luigi Ferdinando Marsili | Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730)]] created topographic maps for military use of countries he visited (Italy, France, Germany, the Balkans, and Turkey). Marsigli published a mining district map in Hungary and sketched the distribution of sulfur near his hometown, Bologna, in 1717.  

 

Probably, the first geological map drawn by an anonymous naval cartographer in 1757 where in the Heligoland islands he added boundaries of four different types of rocks.<ref>Franceschelli, C., and S. Marabini, 2006, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730): A Pioneer In Geomorphological And Archaeological Surveying, ''in'' G. B. Vai, ed., The origins of geology In Italy: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 411, p. 129-139</ref><ref>Oldroyd, D., 2013, Maps as pictures or diagrams: The early development of geological maps, ''in'' V. R. Baker, ed., Rethinking the fabric of geology: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 502: p. 41-101</ref>

==Types of geological map==

==Types of geological map==

==Cross Section==

==Cross Section==

Geological maps can not be considered complete until there is at least one cross section has been created to show the geology below the surface. Cross section describes the structure of a region that is much clearer than a planimetris map.cross section can be drawn in addition to a map of the fair copy,and simplified again as an illustration in a cross section of the report.it can show geological formation boundary at depth,and can also be used to display a fault, cleavage and surface folds on the map.

[[File:4.jpg|250px|thumbnail|{{figure number|4|}}How to make a cross section<ref>http://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/slope/topoprofile.html</ref>]]

Measures to make a Cross section:

 

Measures to make a cross section:

# Draw the line section (A-B) on face of the map.

# Draw the line section (A-B) on face of the map.

# Fasten the map to the drawing board or table with the line Section in parallel on the lower edges of the drawing board or table,

# Fasten the map to the drawing board or table with the line section in parallel on the lower edges of the drawing board or table

# Tape part map, a few centimeters below the line section, then the line of paper to do the plot lines of the section.

# Tape part map, a few centimeters below the line section, then the line of paper to do the plot lines of the section.

# Basic line drawings on paper are parallel to the lines of the section of the map. Then pull a series of parallel lines on a contour intervals selected Above. The distance of these lines should be aligned with the vertical scale contour maps.

# Basic line drawings on paper are parallel to the lines of the section of the map. Then pull a series of parallel lines on a contour intervals selected Above. The distance of these lines should be aligned with the vertical scale contour maps.

# Press the plastic ruler or a straight steel edge on paper until it cannot move, so that the paper remains parallel to the base line.

# Press the plastic ruler or a straight steel edge on paper until it cannot move, so that the paper remains parallel to the base line.

# By shifting the point of elevation along the edges, and drop a perpendicular down to the appropriate height on the paper section of every point where this part is cutting the contour lines on a map. Follow these points to give a profile of topography.

# By shifting the point of elevation along the edges, and drop a perpendicular down to the appropriate height on the paper section of every point where this part is cutting the contour lines on a map. Follow these points to give a profile of topography.

==How To Read Geological Maps==

==How To Read Geological Maps==

Three main elements are commonly found in a geological map is Map Units, Contacts and faults, Strike and Dip.  

Three main elements commonly found in a geological map are map units, contacts and faults, and strike and dip.  

[[File:5.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Figure 5 Lithology Symbols<ref>http://www.bssaonline.org/content/92/7/2704/F14.large.jpg</ref>]]

File:5.jpg|{{figure number|5|}}Lithology symbols<ref>http://www.bssaonline.org/content/92/7/2704/F14.large.jpg</ref>

 

File:6.jpg|{{figure number|6|}}Contacts in geological maps<ref>http://college.cengage.com/geology/resources/protected/physicallab/thelab/geologicmaps/activities/activity1/activity1.htm</ref>

File:7.jpg|{{figure number|7|}}Faults<ref>http://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/pubs/mapuse/surficial/surf-read.htm</ref>

[[File:6.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Figure 6 Contacts in Geological Maps<ref>http://college.cengage.com/geology/resources/protected/physicallab/thelab/geologicmaps/activities/activity1/activity1.htm</ref>]]

File:8.jpg|{{figure number|8|}}Strike and Dip<ref>http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/rocksym.htm</ref>

 

[[File:7.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Figure 7 Faults<ref>http://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/pubs/mapuse/surficial/surf-read.htm</ref>]]

 

* Faults are the location of a transfer plate. On a geological map, the fault line indicates where an experienced unit slid, pushed up, or dropped down relative to the binder adjacent units.  

'''Strike and Dip''' symbols show the orientation of rocks to the field of fracture. Long lines show the strike, and the short line is dip. Dip is usually also accompanied by a number and direction, which shows how much the angle of outcrop of rock.

* Strike and dip symbols show the orientation of rocks to the field of fracture. Long lines show the strike, short lines show dip. Dip is usually also accompanied by a number and direction, which shows how much the angle of outcrop of rock.

==References==

==References==

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