Normal hydrostatic pressure gradients
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It has been suggested that this article be merged with [[::Normal hydrostatic pressure|Normal hydrostatic pressure]]. (Discuss) |
| Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps | |
| |
| Series | Treatise in Petroleum Geology |
|---|---|
| Part | Critical elements of the petroleum system |
| Chapter | Formation fluid pressure and its application |
| Author | Edward A. Beaumont, Forrest Fiedler |
| Link | Web page |
| Store | AAPG Store |
The hydrostatic pressure gradient is the rate of change in formation fluid pressure with depth. Fluid density is the controlling factor in the normal hydrostatic gradient. In the U.S. Rocky Mountains, a formation water gradient of 0.45 psi/ft is common. In the U.S. Gulf Coast, a gradient of 0.465 psi/ft is common.
Factors controlling fluid density
Fluid density changes with depth as a result of changes in the following factors:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Fluid composition (including dissolved gases and solids)
- Fluid phase—gaseous or liquid
These factors must be taken into account when estimating fluid pressure at depth. The small amount of dissolved gas contributes little to the density and can be ignored in the exploration state.
Factors controlling oil density
Oil density varies greatly because of the large variety of oil compositions and quantity of dissolved gases. Also, oil composition is inherently much more variable than formation water composition.
Factors controlling gas density
Gas density is strongly affected by pressure, temperature, and composition. In the reservoir, gas may be in the liquid phase; if so, we should treat it as a very light oil.
Predicting gas phase can be complicated. Consult an experienced reservoir engineer when making this prediction.
Ranges of fluid density and gradient variation
Oil-field liquids and gases occur in a wide range of compositions. The table below shows typical density ranges and gradients for gas, oil, and water. However, because exceptions occur, have some idea of the type of fluid(s) expected in the area being studied and use appropriate values.
| Fluid | Normal density range (g/cm3) | Gradient range (psi/ft) |
|---|---|---|
| Gas (gaseous) | 0.007-0.30 | 0.003-0.130 |
| Gas (liquid) | 0.200-0.40 | 0.090-0.174 |
| Oil | 0.400-1.12 | 0.174-0.486 |
| Water | 1.000-1.15 | 0.433-0.500 |
See also
- Normal hydrostatic pressure
- Geostatic and lithostatic pressure
- Abnormal hydrostatic pressure
- Causes of overpressure
- Causes of underpressure
External links
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