Difference between revisions of "Seal capacity of breached and hydrocarbon-wet seals"
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| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps | | part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps | ||
| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal | | chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal | ||
| − | | frompg = 10- | + | | frompg = 10-86 |
| − | | topg = 10- | + | | topg = 10-86 |
| author = Grant M. Skerlec | | author = Grant M. Skerlec | ||
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm | | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm | ||
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| isbn = 0-89181-602-X | | isbn = 0-89181-602-X | ||
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| − | Hydrocarbon column heights may not be related only to the displacement pressure of the top seal. Once a seal has been breached and | + | [[Hydrocarbon column]] heights may not be related only to the [[Top seal displacement pressure|displacement pressure of the top seal]]. Once a seal has been breached and [[hydrocarbon]]s forced through the seal, theoretically the hydrocarbon column will shrink until the [[Buoyancy pressure|buoyant pressure]] equals the displacement pressure and the system again seals. In practice, however, hydrocarbons continue to flow through the seal until there is no longer a continuous hydrocarbon filament. Although the process is not completely understood, laboratory studies suggest that flow continues until the hydrocarbon column shrinks to half its original height.<ref name=ch10r65>Roof, J. G., 1970, Snap-off of oil droplets in water-wet pores: SPE Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 85–90.</ref><ref name=ch10r67>Schowalter, T. T., 1979, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0063/0005/0700/0723.htm Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760.</ref> |
==Most traps half full== | ==Most traps half full== | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | [[file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-54.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Fill history of a trap with some finite seal capacity that has been filled to seal capacity and then leaked. After Boult.<ref name=ch10r6>Boult, P. J., 1993, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026481729390095A Membrane seal and tertiary migration pathways in the Bodalla South oilfield, Eronmanga Basin, Australia]: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3–13, DOI 10.1016/0264-8172(93)90095-A.</ref> Copyright: Marine and Petroleum Geology.]] | |
| − | [[ | + | The preceding discussion suggests that in basins where there is [[Calculating charge volume|charge]] sufficient to fill all traps to maximum seal capacity, traps limited by the capillary properties of intact top seals should be half full.<ref name=ch10r92>Watts, N. L., 1987, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0264817287900080 Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single and two-phase hydrocarbon columns]: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 274–307, DOI 10.1016/0264-8172(87)90008-0.</ref> Rather than the hydrocarbon columns matching the displacement pressures of the seal, all filled traps would have leaked hydrocarbons until the buoyant pressure (P<sub>b</sub>) is half the displacement pressure (P<sub>d</sub>). Continued charging of traps after initial fill could result in larger hydrocarbon columns. Only in basins with insufficient hydrocarbons to fill all traps to the maximum seal capacity, or with charge after leakage, would there be a large number of traps greater than half full. |
| + | |||
| + | [[:file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-54.png|Figure 1]] illustrates the fill history of a trap with some finite seal capacity that has been filled to seal capacity and then leaked. The final hydrocarbon column is half of that predicted by the displacement pressure of the top seal. | ||
==Water wet vs. oil wet== | ==Water wet vs. oil wet== | ||
| − | Estimates of seal capacity from measured displacement | + | Estimates of seal capacity from measured [[displacement pressure]]s commonly assume the seal is [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&filter=water-wet water wet]. [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/o/oil_wet.aspx Oil-wet] seals may be more common than we think. Organic-rich shales, a common top seal, are probably oil wet.<ref name=ch10r15>Cuiec, L., 1987, [[Wettability]] and oil reservoirs, in Kleppe, J., Berg, E. W., Buller, A. T., Hjemeland, O., and Torsaeter, O., eds., North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: London, Graham and Trotman, p. 193–207.</ref> Similarly, episodic leakage of hydrocarbons through a seal may alter the seal capacity. |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Seal capacity: pitfalls and limitations of estimation]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Displacement pressure of a seal: difficulty of characterization]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Displacement pressure: does the theory predict reality?]] |
* [[Saturations required for hydrocarbon flow]] | * [[Saturations required for hydrocarbon flow]] | ||
* [[Hydrodynamic flow and pressure transients]] | * [[Hydrodynamic flow and pressure transients]] | ||
| Line 43: | Line 44: | ||
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] | [[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] | ||
[[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]] | [[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:23, 1 April 2022
| Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps | |
| |
| Series | Treatise in Petroleum Geology |
|---|---|
| Part | Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps |
| Chapter | Evaluating top and fault seal |
| Author | Grant M. Skerlec |
| Link | Web page |
| Store | AAPG Store |
Hydrocarbon column heights may not be related only to the displacement pressure of the top seal. Once a seal has been breached and hydrocarbons forced through the seal, theoretically the hydrocarbon column will shrink until the buoyant pressure equals the displacement pressure and the system again seals. In practice, however, hydrocarbons continue to flow through the seal until there is no longer a continuous hydrocarbon filament. Although the process is not completely understood, laboratory studies suggest that flow continues until the hydrocarbon column shrinks to half its original height.[1][2]
Most traps half full
Figure 1 Fill history of a trap with some finite seal capacity that has been filled to seal capacity and then leaked. After Boult.[3] Copyright: Marine and Petroleum Geology.
The preceding discussion suggests that in basins where there is charge sufficient to fill all traps to maximum seal capacity, traps limited by the capillary properties of intact top seals should be half full.[4] Rather than the hydrocarbon columns matching the displacement pressures of the seal, all filled traps would have leaked hydrocarbons until the buoyant pressure (Pb) is half the displacement pressure (Pd). Continued charging of traps after initial fill could result in larger hydrocarbon columns. Only in basins with insufficient hydrocarbons to fill all traps to the maximum seal capacity, or with charge after leakage, would there be a large number of traps greater than half full.
Figure 1 illustrates the fill history of a trap with some finite seal capacity that has been filled to seal capacity and then leaked. The final hydrocarbon column is half of that predicted by the displacement pressure of the top seal.
Water wet vs. oil wet
Estimates of seal capacity from measured displacement pressures commonly assume the seal is water wet. Oil-wet seals may be more common than we think. Organic-rich shales, a common top seal, are probably oil wet.[5] Similarly, episodic leakage of hydrocarbons through a seal may alter the seal capacity.
See also
- Seal capacity: pitfalls and limitations of estimation
- Displacement pressure of a seal: difficulty of characterization
- Displacement pressure: does the theory predict reality?
- Saturations required for hydrocarbon flow
- Hydrodynamic flow and pressure transients
References
- ↑ Roof, J. G., 1970, Snap-off of oil droplets in water-wet pores: SPE Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 85–90.
- ↑ Schowalter, T. T., 1979, Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760.
- ↑ Boult, P. J., 1993, Membrane seal and tertiary migration pathways in the Bodalla South oilfield, Eronmanga Basin, Australia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3–13, DOI 10.1016/0264-8172(93)90095-A.
- ↑ Watts, N. L., 1987, Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single and two-phase hydrocarbon columns: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 274–307, DOI 10.1016/0264-8172(87)90008-0.
- ↑ Cuiec, L., 1987, Wettability and oil reservoirs, in Kleppe, J., Berg, E. W., Buller, A. T., Hjemeland, O., and Torsaeter, O., eds., North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: London, Graham and Trotman, p. 193–207.
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