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...of 70% extra-heavy oil suspended in 30% water with the help of a chemical surfactant to stabilize the emulsion.<ref name<PachecoandAlonso_1995>Pacheco, L. A., a

...e=pt10r28>Shah, D. O., and R. S. Schechter, 1971, Improved oil recovery by surfactant and polymer flooding: New York, Academic Press.</ref>

...wettability index<ref name=pt05r26>Boneau, D. F., Clempett, R. L., 1977, A surfactant system for the oil wet sandstone of the North Burbank unit: Journal of Petr

...ix acidizing but may occasionally involve hydraulic fracturing. Solvent or surfactant treatments are sometimes used for damage removal.