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Line 90: − + − [[file:well-completions_fig7.png|thumb|{{figure number|7}}Construction of a typical shaped charge.]]+ + + − − [[file:well-completions_fig8.png|thumb|{{figure number|8}}Jet stream generated by shaped charge.]]
→Perforating
==Perforating==
==Perforating==
<gallery mode=packed heights=300px widths=300px>
well-completions_fig7.png|{{figure number|7}}Construction of a typical shaped charge.
well-completions_fig8.png|{{figure number|8}}Jet stream generated by shaped charge.
</gallery>
The major purpose of perforations is to provide effective flow communication between the wellbore and the reservoir. To create a perforation, a perforating gun is used to “shoot” a hole through the casing and cement. The hole is called a ''perforation tunnel'' and provides a pathway for fluid flow from the reservoir to the wellbore.
The major purpose of perforations is to provide effective flow communication between the wellbore and the reservoir. To create a perforation, a perforating gun is used to “shoot” a hole through the casing and cement. The hole is called a ''perforation tunnel'' and provides a pathway for fluid flow from the reservoir to the wellbore.
Over 90% of wells are perforated using a ''shaped charge'' perforating system. The shaped charge, or jet charge, came into use in the oil field shortly after World War II. The perforating shaped charge is a derivative of the charge used to construct a bazooka. The shaped charge has essentially replaced the bullet gun, which was the main perforating tool prior to World War II.
Over 90% of wells are perforated using a ''shaped charge'' perforating system. The shaped charge, or jet charge, came into use in the oil field shortly after World War II. The perforating shaped charge is a derivative of the charge used to construct a bazooka. The shaped charge has essentially replaced the bullet gun, which was the main perforating tool prior to World War II.
[[:file:well-completions_fig7.png|Figure 7]] illustrates the components of the shaped charge. The main characteristic of the shaped charge is the cone-shaped cavity. To fire the shaped charge, the primer cord ignites the primer charge, which in turn ignites the main explosive charge. As the powder burns, it reaches the apex of the cone. The cone collapses and creates a jet stream that is capable of penetrating the steel casing, cement, and formation. [[:file:well-completions_fig8.png|Figure 8]] illustrates the formation of the jet stream from a shaped charge.
[[:file:well-completions_fig7.png|Figure 7]] illustrates the components of the shaped charge. The main characteristic of the shaped charge is the cone-shaped cavity. To fire the shaped charge, the primer cord ignites the primer charge, which in turn ignites the main explosive charge. As the powder burns, it reaches the apex of the cone. The cone collapses and creates a jet stream that is capable of penetrating the steel casing, cement, and formation. [[:file:well-completions_fig8.png|Figure 8]] illustrates the formation of the jet stream from a shaped charge.