Changes

| Thermal Alteration Index (TAI)

| Thermal Alteration Index (TAI)

|-

|-

| Ostracodes

| Ostracods

| Ostracode Alteration Index (OAI)

| Ostracod Alteration Index (OAI)

|-

|-

| Conodonts

| Conodonts

==Other microfossils==

==Other microfossils==

Fossils composed of phosphate (conodonts), carbonate (ostracodes), and agglutinated grains (agglutinated foraminifera) are also used for geothermometry. The organic framework of these fossils responds to thermal stress with color change. Of these, conodonts ([[conodont alteration index]], or CAI) are the most widely used<ref name=ch17r37>Epstein, A. G., Epstein, J. B., Harris, L. D., 1977, Conodont color alteration—an index to organic metamorphism: U., S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 995, p. 1–27.</ref> and conodont alteration values are calibrated to the vitrinite reflectance scale. The use of ostracodes<ref name=ch17r1>Ainsworth, N., R., Burnett, R., D., Kontrovitz, M., 1990, Ostracod colour change by thermal alteration, offshore Ireland and Western UK: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 7, p. 288–297, DOI: 10.1016/0264-8172(90)90006-3</ref> and foraminifera<ref name=ch17r64>McNeil, D., H., Issler, D., R., 1992, Correlation of foraminiferal coloration (FCI) and time-temperature (TTI) indices from Beaufort Sea exploration data: AAPG Annual Convention Abstracts, p. 87.</ref> is a newly emerging approach and is not yet calibrated to vitrinite reflectance standards. The potential of these fossils is important because they commonly occur in lithologies devoid of organic-walled fossil remains (e.g., limestones, dolomites, fine-grained sands).

Fossils composed of phosphate (conodonts), carbonate (ostracods), and agglutinated grains (agglutinated foraminifera) are also used for geothermometry. The organic framework of these fossils responds to thermal stress with color change. Of these, conodonts ([[conodont alteration index]], or CAI) are the most widely used<ref name=ch17r37>Epstein, A. G., Epstein, J. B., Harris, L. D., 1977, Conodont color alteration—an index to organic metamorphism: U., S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 995, p. 1–27.</ref> and conodont alteration values are calibrated to the vitrinite reflectance scale. The use of ostracods<ref name=ch17r1>Ainsworth, N., R., Burnett, R., D., Kontrovitz, M., 1990, Ostracod colour change by thermal alteration, offshore Ireland and Western UK: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 7, p. 288–297, DOI: 10.1016/0264-8172(90)90006-3</ref> and foraminifera<ref name=ch17r64>McNeil, D., H., Issler, D., R., 1992, Correlation of foraminiferal coloration (FCI) and time-temperature (TTI) indices from Beaufort Sea exploration data: AAPG Annual Convention Abstracts, p. 87.</ref> is a newly emerging approach and is not yet calibrated to vitrinite reflectance standards. The potential of these fossils is important because they commonly occur in lithologies devoid of organic-walled fossil remains (e.g., limestones, dolomites, fine-grained sands).

==Whole kerogen analysis==

==Whole kerogen analysis==