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| isbn = 9780891813866
| isbn = 9780891813866
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Petroleum has been exploited in the area of Israel since times of antiquity.<ref name=Nissenbaum_1978>Nissenbaum, A., 1978, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0062/0005/0800/0837.htm The Dead Sea asphalts - Historical aspects]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, p. 837–844.</ref> Remains of asphalt collected along the Dead Sea shore were identified in Egyptian mummies dated to about 200 B.C.<ref name=Rullkötterandnissenbaum_1988>Rullkötter, J. and A. Nissenbaum, 1988, Dead Sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies: Molecular evidence: Naturwissenschaften, v. 75, p. 618–621.</ref> Modern commercial exploitation of hydrocarbons began in the 1950s with the discovery of the Helez oil field in the southern Coastal Plain of Israel ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). The Helez success promoted drilling activity throughout the country, but until the 1990s only small quantities of oil and gas had been discovered and produced. In 1999 the focus of exploration was shifted from the onshore systems to the Levantine Basin ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). In the following decade, 11 natural gas fields were discovered offshore Israel in water depths ranging from 200–1600 m (656–5249 ft). One of them, the MariB field ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]), began production in 2004 and the Tamar field in 2013.
Petroleum has been exploited in the area of Israel since times of antiquity.<ref name=Nissenbaum_1978>Nissenbaum, A., 1978, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0062/0005/0800/0837.htm The Dead Sea asphalts - Historical aspects]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, p. 837–844.</ref> Remains of asphalt collected along the Dead Sea shore were identified in Egyptian mummies dated to about 200 B.C.<ref name=Rullkötterandnissenbaum_1988>Rullkötter, J. and A. Nissenbaum, 1988, Dead Sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies: Molecular evidence: Naturwissenschaften, v. 75, p. 618–621.</ref> Modern commercial exploitation of hydrocarbons began in the 1950s with the discovery of the Helez oil field in the southern Coastal Plain of Israel ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). The Helez success promoted drilling activity throughout the country, but until the 1990s only small quantities of oil and gas had been discovered and produced. In 1999 the focus of exploration was shifted from the onshore systems to the Levantine Basin ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). In the following decade, 11 natural gas fields were discovered offshore Israel in water depths ranging from 200–1600 m (656–5249 ft). One of them, the MariB field ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]), began production in 2004 and the Tamar field in 2013.
| || 16 || Leviathan || Tamar || 2010 || Tamar Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Saqiye Group || Mavqiim Evaporites || U.F. || 17000
| || 16 || Leviathan || Tamar || 2010 || Tamar Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Saqiye Group || Mavqiim Evaporites || U.F. || 17000
|-
|-
| asdf
| || 15 || Dalit || Tamar || 2009 || Tamar Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Saqiye Group || Mavqiim Evaporites || U.F. || 270
|-
| || 14 || Tamar || Tamar || 2008 || Tamar Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Saqiye Group || Mavqiim Evaporites || U.F. || 9000
|-
| || 13* || Amiaz || Dead Sea || 1990 || Hazeva Sand || Continental sandstone || Heavy oil || Structural || Mt. Scopus Group || Sedom Evaporites || ||
|-
| Late Cretaceous || 12 || Sadot || Yafo || 1977 || Judea || Shelf carbonate || Gas || Structural || Saqiye Group || Saqiye Shale || –30 || –30
|-
| || 7* || Yam || Yam || 1989 || Gevaram Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Unknown || Gevaram shale || ||
|-
| Early || 8* || Yam Yafo || Yam || 1994 || Gevaram Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Unknown || Gevram shale || ||
|-
| Cretaceous || 10* || Yam West || Yam || 1994 || Gevaram Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural || Unknown || Gevaram shale || ||
|-
| || 9 || Gurim || Dead Sea || 1983 || Hatira Sand || Continental sandstone || Heavy oil || Structural || Mt. Scopus Group || Judea Carbonate || 0.009 ||–0.009
|-
| || 5 || Helez || Helez || 1955 || Helez || Shoreline sandstone || Oil || Structural/stratigraphic || Barnea Formation || Talme Yafe marl || 17.4 || 19
|-
| Late Jurassic || 5 || Helez || Helez || 1955 || Nir'am || Shelf carbonate || Oil || Structural || Barnea Formation || Talme Yafe marl || 17.4 || 19
|-
| || 8* || Yam Yafo* || Yam || 1994 || || Carbonate gravity-flow || Oil || Structural || Unknown || Gevaram shale || ||
|-
| Middle Jurassic || 7* || Yam || Yam || 1989 || || Carbonate gravity-flow || Oil || Structural || Unknown || Gevaram shale || ||
|-
| || 6 || Ashdod || Helez || 1976 || Zohar || Shelf carbonate || Oil || Structural || Barnea Formation || Kidod shale || 0.213 || 1
|-
| || 5 || Helez || Helez || 1964 || Brur || Shelf carbonate || Oil || Structural || Barnea Formation || Gevaram shale || 17.4 || 19
|-
| || 4 || Zohar/Kidod/Kanaim || Dead Sea || 1957 || Zohar || Shelf carbonate || Gas || Structural || Mt. Scopus Group || Kidod shale || 73 || –73
|-
| Late Triassic || 3 || Meged || Meged || 1994 || Mohilla || Shelf carbonate || Oil || Structural || Unknown || Mohila anhydrite || 0.13 || 2.2
|-
| Middle || 1 || Emunah || Dead Sea || 1995 || Gevanim || Shoreline Sandstone || Oil || Structural || Mt. Scopus Group || Mohila anhydrite || 0.013 || –0.013
|-
| Triassic || 2 || Zuk Tamrur || Dead Sea || 1994 || Raaf || Shelf carbonate || Oil || Structural || Mt. Scopus Group || Mohila anhydrite || 0.13 || –0.15
|-
| Permian || 1* || Emunah || Dead Sea || 1995 || Saad/Arkov || Continental sandstone || Oil || Structural || Mt. Scopus Group || Arkov shale || ||
|}
|}
The recent, offshore drilling success has attracted major capital investment and has resulted in a surge of exploration activity ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig03.jpg|Figure 2]]) with the participation of internationally based oil companies. In the coming decade new targets will be drilled in the Levantine Basin offshore Israel which may lead to an increase in gas reserves and possibly prove the potential for the production of oil, previously discovered in several offshore wells ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). For the first time in its history, Israel has the prospect of supplying its own energy needs and even becoming an exporter of natural gas.
The recent, offshore drilling success has attracted major capital investment and has resulted in a surge of exploration activity ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig03.jpg|Figure 2]]) with the participation of internationally based oil companies. In the coming decade new targets will be drilled in the Levantine Basin offshore Israel which may lead to an increase in gas reserves and possibly prove the potential for the production of oil, previously discovered in several offshore wells ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). For the first time in its history, Israel has the prospect of supplying its own energy needs and even becoming an exporter of natural gas.
==See also==
==See also==