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{{Wiki Write Off Entry
₵{{Wiki Write Off Entry
|image=AAPG-WIKI-Write-off.jpg
|image=AAPG-WIKI-Write-off.jpg
|student chapter=Universitas Gadjah Mada
|student chapter=Universitas Gadjah Mada
Due to interaction with seawater, magma crystallizes as pillow lava with basalt composition. Oceanic crust is not homogenous structurally. Keary and Vine<ref name=KV>Keary, P. and F. J. Vine, 1994, Geoscience Texts: Global Tectonics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.</ref> divides oceanic crust into three layers. Layer 1, the uppermost part, consists of sedimentary cover varying from pelagic sediments, limestone, clays, and [[chert]]. Consolidated sediment and extrusive [[igneous]] materials form the Layer 2. Layer 3 gives plutonic foundation with gabbroic composition and consists of serpentinized materials.
Due to interaction with seawater, magma crystallizes as pillow lava with basalt composition. Oceanic crust is not homogenous structurally. Keary and Vine<ref name=KV>Keary, P. and F. J. Vine, 1994, Geoscience Texts: Global Tectonics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.</ref> divides oceanic crust into three layers. Layer 1, the uppermost part, consists of sedimentary cover varying from pelagic sediments, limestone, clays, and [[chert]]. Consolidated sediment and extrusive [[igneous]] materials form the Layer 2. Layer 3 gives plutonic foundation with gabbroic composition and consists of serpentinized materials.
Continental crust is found ranging in age from Hadean to recent. The thickness of this crust ranges from 35 – 40 km and 38 km on average. Continental crust is composed of two layers: upper and lower continental crust. Kearey and Vine<ref name=KV /> stated that upper continental crust is composed of granodiorite and diorite composition. Lower continental crust requires seismic observations since the rock is not exposed on the surface. Seismic velocity, ranging from 6,5 – 7,6 km s-1, represents that rocks are more felsic than basalt constructing the lower continental crust. Roberts and Bally (2012) states that granulite or pyroxene granulite forms lower continental crust.
Continental crust is found ranging in age from Hadean to recent. The thickness of this crust ranges from 35–40 km and 38 km on average. Continental crust is composed of two layers: upper and lower continental crust. Kearey and Vine<ref name=KV /> stated that upper continental crust is composed of granodiorite and diorite composition. Lower continental crust requires seismic observations since the rock is not exposed on the surface. Seismic velocity, ranging from 6.5 – 7.6 km s-1, represents that rocks are more felsic than basalt constructing the lower continental crust. Roberts and Bally<ref>Roberts, D. G., and A. W. Bally, 2012, Regional geology and tectonics: Elsevier</ref>, states that granulite or pyroxene granulite forms lower continental crust.
==Principles of Subduction Zone==
==Principles of Subduction Zone==