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added Category:Methods in Exploration 10 using HotCat
| isbn = 0891816607
| isbn = 0891816607
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''Artificial lift'' refers to the mechanical lifting of wellbore fluids to the surface. Mechanical lifting of wellbore fluids is required when reservoir pressure is insufficient to drive reservoir fluids to the surface. Artificial lift equipment also can be used to increase production from flowing wells by reducing the producing bottomhole pressure.
''Artificial lift'' refers to the mechanical lifting of wellbore fluids to the surface. Mechanical lifting of wellbore fluids is required when reservoir pressure is insufficient to drive [[reservoir fluids]] to the surface. Artificial lift equipment also can be used to increase production from flowing wells by reducing the producing bottomhole pressure.
A number of different types of artificial lift systems are currently in use. The four primary artificial lift systems are
A number of different types of artificial lift systems are currently in use. The four primary artificial lift systems are
==Electric submersible pumps==
==Electric submersible pumps==
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px widths=200px>
artificial-lift_fig1.png|{{figure number|1.}}Electric submersible pump.<ref name=pt09r5>Conoco, Inc., 1990, Beam Pumping Engineering and Operating Manual, July.</ref>
artificial-lift_fig2.png|{{figure number|2}}Gas lift system.<ref name=pt09r5 />
artificial-lift_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}Hydraulic piston pump.<ref name=pt09r5 />
artificial-lift_fig4.png|{{figure number|4}}Beam pumping system.<ref name=pt09r5 />
</gallery>
An electric submersible pump (ESP) consists of a centrifugal pump coupled to an electric motor. The pump and motor combination is run in the well on the bottom of the tubing string and is set below the operating fluid level in the well ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig1.png|Figure 1]]).
An electric submersible pump (ESP) consists of a centrifugal pump coupled to an electric motor. The pump and motor combination is run in the well on the bottom of the tubing string and is set below the operating fluid level in the well ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig1.png|Figure 1]]).
==Gas lift==
==Gas lift==
Gas lift is the process of lifting fluids from the wellbore using high pressure gas as the energy source. Downhole gas lift equipment consists of a series of gas lift valves spaced at predetermined depths in the tubing string. The tubing string is set in a packer above the casing perforations ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig2.png|Figure 2]]). Gas is normally injected down the tubing/casing annulus and enters the tubing via the gas lift valves. A surface gas compressor is used to provide the high gas pressure required to open the gas lift valves.
Gas lift is the process of lifting fluids from the wellbore using high pressure gas as the energy source. Downhole gas lift equipment consists of a series of gas lift valves spaced at predetermined depths in the tubing string. The tubing string is set in a packer above the casing perforations ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig2.png|Figure 2]]). Gas is normally injected down the tubing/casing annulus and enters the tubing via the gas lift valves. A surface gas compressor is used to provide the high gas pressure required to open the gas lift valves.
Gas lift systems move the reservoir fluids to the surface by reducing the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid column in the tubing below reservoir pressure. The injected gas expands as it moves upward in the tubing, providing additional lift. Gas lift systems can be installed to operate continuously or intermittently. Gas lift is commonly used in offshore applications and in areas where an abundant supply of gas exists. Often the gas produced from the well is separated from the produced fluids and reinjected into the same well.
Gas lift systems move the [[reservoir fluids]] to the surface by reducing the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid column in the tubing below reservoir pressure. The injected gas expands as it moves upward in the tubing, providing additional lift. Gas lift systems can be installed to operate continuously or intermittently. Gas lift is commonly used in offshore applications and in areas where an abundant supply of gas exists. Often the gas produced from the well is separated from the produced fluids and reinjected into the same well.
==Hydraulic pumps==
==Hydraulic pumps==
A hydraulic pump operates similarly to a gas lift system, with high pressure power fluid used as the energy source in place of high pressure gas. There are two different types of hydraulic pumps: piston and jet. A piston type pump assembly consists of a hydraulically operated motor at one end and a plunger type pump at the other end ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig3.png|Figure 3]]). High pressure hydraulic fluid is pumped down the tubing string and enters a reciprocating hydraulic motor. This motor activates the piston type pump which lifts the produced fluids and hydraulic fluid up the casing annulus toward the surface. The hydraulic fluid most commonly used is produced oil from the well itself. When the produced fluids and hydraulic fluid are pumped to the surface, the oil is separated and some of the oil is reused as the power fluid.
A hydraulic pump operates similarly to a gas lift system, with high pressure power fluid used as the energy source in place of high pressure gas. There are two different types of hydraulic pumps: piston and jet. A piston type pump assembly consists of a hydraulically operated motor at one end and a plunger type pump at the other end ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig3.png|Figure 3]]). High pressure hydraulic fluid is pumped down the tubing string and enters a reciprocating hydraulic motor. This motor activates the piston type pump which lifts the produced fluids and hydraulic fluid up the casing annulus toward the surface. The hydraulic fluid most commonly used is produced oil from the well itself. When the produced fluids and hydraulic fluid are pumped to the surface, the oil is separated and some of the oil is reused as the power fluid.
==Beam pumps==
==Beam pumps==
Beam pumping systems were one of the first type of artificial lift used in the oil field and are still the most widely used means of artificial lift. A beam pump system lifts fluid by reciprocating a rod string that activates a positive displacement pump. The positive displacement pump is seated in the tubing string and set below the operating fluid level in the well ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig4.png|Figure 4]]). A surface pumping unit provides the power to reciprocate the rod string.
Beam pumping systems were one of the first type of artificial lift used in the oil field and are still the most widely used means of artificial lift. A beam pump system lifts fluid by reciprocating a rod string that activates a positive displacement pump. The positive displacement pump is seated in the tubing string and set below the operating fluid level in the well ([[:file:artificial-lift_fig4.png|Figure 4]]). A surface pumping unit provides the power to reciprocate the rod string.
[[Category:Production engineering methods]]
[[Category:Production engineering methods]]
[[Category:Methods in Exploration 10]]