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| | part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps | | | part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps |
| | chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal | | | chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal |
− | | frompg = 10-1 | + | | frompg = 10-67 |
− | | topg = 10-94 | + | | topg = 10-67 |
| | author = Grant M. Skerlec | | | author = Grant M. Skerlec |
| | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm | | | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm |
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| ==Calculation== | | ==Calculation== |
| | | |
− | Displacement pressure (P<sub>d</sub>) is the pressure necessary to force hydrocarbons into the pore space of a rock and form a continuous hydrocarbon filament.<ref name=ch10r67>Schowalter, T., T., 1979, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0063/0005/0700/0723.htm Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760.</ref> Displacement pressure, which is measured in dynes/cm<sup>2</sup>, can be calculated by the following formula: | + | [[Displacement pressure]] (P<sub>d</sub>) is the pressure necessary to force hydrocarbons into the pore space of a rock and form a continuous hydrocarbon filament.<ref name=ch10r67>Schowalter, T. T., 1979, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0063/0005/0700/0723.htm Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760.</ref> Displacement pressure, which is measured in dynes/cm<sup>2</sup>, can be calculated by the following formula: |
| | | |
| :<math>\mbox{P}_{\rm d} = \frac{(2\gamma \cos \theta)}{\mbox{R}}</math> | | :<math>\mbox{P}_{\rm d} = \frac{(2\gamma \cos \theta)}{\mbox{R}}</math> |
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| ==Wettability== | | ==Wettability== |
− | The wettability, or contact angle θ, is 0° for hydrocarbon/water.<ref name=ch10r5>Berg, R., R., 1975, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1974-76/data/pg/0059/0006/0900/0939.htm Capillary pressure in stratigraphic traps]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 59, no. 6, p. 939–956.</ref> If the wetting phase is oil or gas rather than water, the contact angle can range from 0 to 180°. Not all rocks are water wet, and oil-wet seals may not be as rare as commonly thought.<ref name=ch10r15>Cuiec, L., 1987, [[Wettability]] and oil reservoirs, in Kleppe, J., Berg, E., W., Buller, A., T., Hjemeland, O., Torsaeter, O., eds., North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: London, Graham and Trotman, p. 193–207.</ref> Organic-rich sediments may be source, seal, and oil wet. | + | The [[wettability]], or contact angle θ, is 0° for hydrocarbon/water.<ref name=ch10r5>Berg, R. R., 1975, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1974-76/data/pg/0059/0006/0900/0939.htm Capillary pressure in stratigraphic traps]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 59, no. 6, p. 939–956.</ref> If the wetting phase is oil or gas rather than water, the contact angle can range from 0 to 180°. Not all rocks are water wet, and oil-wet seals may not be as rare as commonly thought.<ref name=ch10r15>Cuiec, L., 1987, [[Wettability]] and oil reservoirs, in J. Kleppe, E. W. Berg, A. T. Buller, O. Hjemeland, and O. Torsaeter, eds., North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: London, Graham and Trotman, p. 193–207.</ref> Organic-rich sediments may be source, seal, and oil wet. |
| | | |
| ==Interfacial tension== | | ==Interfacial tension== |
− | Hydrocarbon/brine interfacial tension values typically range from 15–72 dynes/cm.<ref name=ch10r87>Vavra, C., L., Kaldi, J., G., Sneider, R., M., 1992, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1992-93/data/pg/0076/0006/0000/0840.htm Geological applications of capillary pressure: a review]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 76, no. 6, p. 840–850.</ref><ref name=ch10r67 /><ref name=ch10r92>Watts, N., L., 1987, Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single and two-phase hydrocarbon columns: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 274–307., 10., 1016/0264-8172(87)90008-0</ref> Laboratory studies provide interfacial tension values for a range of gas and oil compositions.<ref name=ch10r31>Firoozabadi, A., Ramey, H., J. Jr., 1988, Surface tension of water-hydrocarbon systems at reservoir conditions: Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 41–48., 10., 2118/88-03-03</ref> | + | Hydrocarbon/brine interfacial tension values typically range from 15–72 dynes/cm.<ref name=ch10r87>Vavra, C. L., J. G. Kaldi, and R. M. Sneider, 1992, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1992-93/data/pg/0076/0006/0000/0840.htm Geological applications of capillary pressure: a review]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 76, no. 6, p. 840–850.</ref><ref name=ch10r67 /><ref name=ch10r92>Watts, N. L., 1987, Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single and two-phase hydrocarbon columns: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 274–307, DOI: [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0264817287900080 10.1016/0264-8172(87)90008-0].</ref> Laboratory studies provide interfacial tension values for a range of gas and oil compositions.<ref name=ch10r31>Firoozabadi, A., and H. J. Ramey Jr., 1988, Surface tension of water-hydrocarbon systems at reservoir conditions: Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 41–48, DOI: [https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/PETSOC-88-03-03 10.2118/88-03-03].</ref> |
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| * [[How capillary properties control seal]] | | * [[How capillary properties control seal]] |
− | * [[Buoyant pressure]] | + | * [[Buoyancy pressure]] |
− | * [[Calculating maximum hydrocarbon column]] | + | * [[Hydrocarbon column: calculation of maximum height]] |
| | | |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| [[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] | | [[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] |
| [[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]] | | [[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]] |
| + | [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]] |