Changes

* Geometric Methods: Geometric balancing strives to balance one or more aspects of the geometry (e.g. horizon length, formation cross-sectional area).

* Geometric Methods: Geometric balancing strives to balance one or more aspects of the geometry (e.g. horizon length, formation cross-sectional area).

* Kinematic Modeling: Balancing and restoration utilize concepts of deformation kinematics and dynamics that are best visualized in forward modeling. Kinematic modeling reproduces the structural geometry as the structure moves (i.e. geometry-based kinematic models).

* Kinematic Modeling: Balancing and restoration utilize concepts of deformation kinematics and dynamics that are best visualized in forward modeling. Kinematic modeling reproduces the structural geometry as the structure moves (i.e. geometry-based kinematic models).

* Numerical Modeling: Numerical modeling provides a great advancement over geometric models whereby the physical properties of the formations can be modeled during the deformation. An example of such development in 2D modeling of fault-propagation folds is the trishear model that incorporates not only the strain in the hanging wall block but also that in the footwall block.‎<ref name=Erslev_1991>Erslev, E. A. (1991). Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology, 19(6), 617-620.</ref> Three-dimensional trishear modeling followed after at the beginning of the 21st century.‎<ref name=Cristallinietal_2004>Cristallini, E. O., L. Giambiagi, and R. W. Allmendinger, 2004, True three-dimensional trishear: A kinematic model for strike-slip and oblique-slip deformation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 7-8, p. 938-952.</ref>  

* Numerical Modeling: Numerical modeling provides a great advancement over geometric models whereby the physical properties of the formations can be modeled during the deformation. An example of such development in 2D modeling of fault-propagation folds is the trishear model that incorporates not only the strain in the hanging wall block but also that in the footwall block.‎<ref>Erslev, E. A., 1991, Trishear fault-propagation folding: Geology, v. 19, no. 6, p. 617-620.</ref> Three-dimensional trishear modeling followed after at the beginning of the 21st century.‎<ref>Cristallini, E. O., L. Giambiagi, and R. W. Allmendinger, 2004, True three-dimensional trishear: A kinematic model for strike-slip and oblique-slip deformation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 7-8, p. 938-952.</ref>  

* Geomechanical Modeling: Geomechanical modeling covers not only the geometric aspects but also the states of stress and strain that caused and accompanied the deformation by using, boundary, discrete and finite element modeling.‎<ref name=Masinietal_2011>Masini, M., S. Bigi, J., Poblet, M. Bulnes, R. Di Cuia, and D. Casabianca, 2011, Kinematic evolution and strain simulation, based on cross-section restoration, of the Maiella Mountain: An analogue for oil fields in the Apennines (Italy), ''in'' J. Poblet and R. J. Lisle, eds., Kinematic evolution and structural styles of fold-and-thrust belts: Geological Society (London) Special Publication 349, p. 25-44.</ref>

* Geomechanical Modeling: Geomechanical modeling covers not only the geometric aspects but also the states of stress and strain that caused and accompanied the deformation by using, boundary, discrete and finite element modeling.‎<ref name=Masinietal_2011>Masini, M., S. Bigi, J., Poblet, M. Bulnes, R. Di Cuia, and D. Casabianca, 2011, Kinematic evolution and strain simulation, based on cross-section restoration, of the Maiella Mountain: An analogue for oil fields in the Apennines (Italy), ''in'' J. Poblet and R. J. Lisle, eds., Kinematic evolution and structural styles of fold-and-thrust belts: Geological Society (London) Special Publication 349, p. 25-44.</ref>

===Salt tectonics===

===Salt tectonics===

The underlying cause for the complexity in deformation in salt basins is that salt rock can flow in different directions that are not necessarily perpendicular to the basin margin when subjected to burial, compaction and margin tilt ([[:file:AlHawajAlQahtaniFigure5.jpg|Figure 5]]).‎<ref name=Fossen_2016>Fossen, H. (2016). Structural geology. Cambridge university press.</ref> When such flow is out-of-plane with respect to a cross section, performing 2D balancing would most likely not yield conserved cross-sectional areas of the salt and, therefore, restoration may not be adequate. This necessitates the use of 3D restoration to better restore deformation in salt basins in the regional scale and validate the results of the 2-D restoration.‎<ref name=Rowanandratliff_2012>Rowan, M. G., & Ratliff, R. A. (2012). Cross-section restoration of salt-related deformation: Best practices and potential pitfalls. Journal of Structural Geology, 41, 24-37.</ref>

The underlying cause for the complexity in deformation in salt basins is that salt rock can flow in different directions that are not necessarily perpendicular to the basin margin when subjected to burial, compaction and margin tilt ([[:file:AlHawajAlQahtaniFigure5.jpg|Figure 5]]).‎<ref name=Fossen_2016>Fossen, H. (2016). Structural geology. Cambridge university press.</ref> When such flow is out-of-plane with respect to a cross section, performing 2-D balancing would most likely not yield conserved cross-sectional areas of the salt and, therefore, restoration may not be adequate. This necessitates the use of 3D restoration to better restore deformation in salt basins in the regional scale and validate the results of the 2-D restoration.‎<ref>Rowan, M. G., and R. A. Ratliff, 2012, Cross-section restoration of salt-related deformation: Best practices and potential pitfalls: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 41, p. 24-37.</ref>

===Strike-slip tectonics===

===Strike-slip tectonics===

The out-of-plane transport direction also affects the 2D restoration of areas affected by strike-slip faults. Furthermore, the limited dip-slip component in most strike-slip faults means that flattening of younger strata to estimate displacement and perform the restoration will most likely not yield fully restored sections/volumes.‎<ref name=Durandriardetal_2013 /> Hence, it is advised that features that have certain spatial geometry (e.g. channels, older faults) and are cut by the strike-slip fault be used to put constraint on the horizontal displacement. [[:file:AlHawajAlQahtaniFigure6.jpg|Figure 6]] shows an example from the deep-water Niger Delta where 3D geomechanical restoration of strike-slip faults was enabled by utilizing such lateral constraints.<ref name=Peach_1907 />

The out-of-plane transport direction also affects the 2D restoration of areas affected by strike-slip faults. Furthermore, the limited dip-slip component in most strike-slip faults means that flattening of younger strata to estimate displacement and perform the restoration will most likely not yield fully restored sections/volumes.‎<ref name=Durandriardetal_2013 /> Hence, it is advised that features that have certain spatial geometry (e.g. channels, older faults) and are cut by the strike-slip fault be used to put constraint on the horizontal displacement. [[:file:AlHawajAlQahtaniFigure6.jpg|Figure 6]] shows an example from the deep-water Niger Delta where 3D geomechanical restoration of strike-slip faults was enabled by utilizing such lateral constraints.<ref name=Peach />

==See also==

==See also==