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→Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig2.png|{{figure number|2}}X-ray diffraction configuration. Knowledge of the wavelength (X) and angle of incidence allows the ''d'' spacing to be calculated.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig2.png|{{figure number|2}}X-ray diffraction configuration. Knowledge of the wavelength (X) and angle of incidence allows the ''d'' spacing to be calculated.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}X-ray diffraction patterns.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig3.png|{{figure number|3}}X-ray diffraction patterns.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig4.png|{{figure number|4}}Schematic drawing showing how a typical cathodoluminescence system works. Depending on the manufacturer, the location of the cathode tube may differ.]]
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig4.png|{{figure number|4}}Schematic drawing showing how a typical cathodoluminescence system works. Depending on the manufacturer, the location of the cathode tube may differ.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig5.png|{{figure number|5}}A photomicrograph taken under cathodoluminescence showing concentric zoning in dolomite cement. High Mn<sup>+2</sup> dolomite shows up as bright bands and higher Fe<sup>+2</sup> dolomite as dark bands. Copyright: W. J. Myers.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig5.png|{{figure number|5}}A photomicrograph taken under cathodoluminescence showing concentric zoning in dolomite cement. High Mn<sup>+2</sup> dolomite shows up as bright bands and higher Fe<sup>+2</sup> dolomite as dark bands. Copyright: W. J. Myers.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig6.png|{{figure number|6}}(a) X-ray fluoroscopy slab photograph and (b) plane light slab photograph of a Pennsylvanian sandstone from Oklahoma.
file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig6.png|{{figure number|6}}(a) X-ray fluoroscopy slab photograph and (b) plane light slab photograph of a Pennsylvanian sandstone from Oklahoma.