Changes

[[Paleogeography|Paleogeographic]] maps (Figures 1-10) illustrate the possible past distribution of the most characteristic stratigraphic units. These maps are on a [[continental drift]] base modified from the [[http://www.odsn.de/ Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network (ODSN)] created in 2005 by the University of Bremen, with Florida occupying a fixed position. In all maps, Cuba is shown in its present position relative to Florida, although different parts of the island came from various places.  

[[Paleogeography|Paleogeographic]] maps (Figures 1-10) illustrate the possible past distribution of the most characteristic stratigraphic units. These maps are on a [[continental drift]] base modified from the [[http://www.odsn.de/ Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network (ODSN)] created in 2005 by the University of Bremen, with Florida occupying a fixed position. In all maps, Cuba is shown in its present position relative to Florida, although different parts of the island came from various places.  

In these maps, [[autochthon]]ous nappes, [[allochthon]]ous [[nappe]]s, and [[subduction]] will be used to describe, respectively, the thrusting toward the continent of the sediments, the [[Wikipedia:Basic_rock|basic]] igneous-volcanic rocks, and the subduction. Supported by observations in Cuba and elsewhere, these maps show subduction as the main cause of the uplift of a [http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plate-boundaries.shtml convergent continental margin] or ocean floor, whereas the nappes are the result of sedimentary or volcanic cover sliding away, under the force of gravity, from the area uplifted by subduction.

In these maps, [[autochthon]]ous nappes, [[allochthon]]ous [[nappe]]s, and [[subduction]] will be used to describe, respectively, the thrusting toward the continent of the sediments, the [[Wikipedia:Basic_rock|basic]] igneous-volcanic rocks, and the subduction. Supported by observations in Cuba and elsewhere, these maps show subduction as the main cause of the uplift of a [http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plate-boundaries.shtml convergent continental margin] or ocean floor, whereas the nappes are the result of sedimentary or volcanic cover sliding away, under the force of [[gravity]], from the area uplifted by subduction.

Burke,<ref name=Burke_1988>Burke, K., 1988, Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 16, p. 201-230.</ref> Pindell and Barrett,<ref name=Pindellandbarrett_1990>Pindell, J. L., and S. F. Barrett, 1990, Geological evolution of the Caribbean region, a plate-tectonic perspective, ''in'' The geology of North America, v. H: The Caribbean region: Geological Society of America, p. 405-432.</ref> Iturralde-Vinent,<ref name=Iturraldevinent_1996>Iturralde-Vinent, M. A., ed., 1996, Ofiolitas y arcos volcanicos de Cuba (Cuban ophiolites and volcanic arcs), ''in'' International Union of Geological Sciences-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization International Geological Correlation Programe, Contribution 1, Project 364 (Geological correlation of ophiolites and volcanic arc terrane in the Circum-Caribbean realm), 254 p.</ref> Cobiella-Reguera,<ref name=Cobiellareguera_2005>Cobiella-Reguera, J. L., 2005, Emplacement of Cuban ophiolites: Geologica Acta, v. 3, no. 3, p. 273-294.</ref> Garcia-Casco et al.,<ref name=Garciacascoetal_2006>Garcia-Casco, A., R. L. Torres-Roldan, M. A. Iturralde-Vinent, G. Millan, K. Nunez Cambra, C. Lazaro, and A. Rodriguez Vega, 2006, High pressure metamorphism of ophiolites in Cuba: Geologica Acta, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 63-88.</ref> Giunta et al.,<ref name=Giuntaetal_2006>Giunta, G., L. Beccaluav, and F. Siena, 2006, Caribbean plate margin evolution: constraints and current problems: Geologica Acta, v. 4, no. 102, p. 265-277.</ref> and Pindell et al.<ref name=Pindelletal_2006>Pindell, J. L., L. Kennan, K. P. Stanek, W. V. Maresh, and G. Draper, 2006, Foundations of Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean evolution: Eight controversies resolved: Geologica Acta, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 303-341.</ref> have interpreted the Cretaceous Cuban subduction as northeast dipping and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversals reversing polarity] to the southwest during the Late Cretaceous. Cuba's geology suggests that the subduction was continuously north dipping, and this concept is discussed in more detail below.

Burke,<ref name=Burke_1988>Burke, K., 1988, Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 16, p. 201-230.</ref> Pindell and Barrett,<ref name=Pindellandbarrett_1990>Pindell, J. L., and S. F. Barrett, 1990, Geological evolution of the Caribbean region, a plate-tectonic perspective, ''in'' The geology of North America, v. H: The Caribbean region: Geological Society of America, p. 405-432.</ref> Iturralde-Vinent,<ref name=Iturraldevinent_1996>Iturralde-Vinent, M. A., ed., 1996, Ofiolitas y arcos volcanicos de Cuba (Cuban ophiolites and volcanic arcs), ''in'' International Union of Geological Sciences-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization International Geological Correlation Programe, Contribution 1, Project 364 (Geological correlation of ophiolites and volcanic arc terrane in the Circum-Caribbean realm), 254 p.</ref> Cobiella-Reguera,<ref name=Cobiellareguera_2005>Cobiella-Reguera, J. L., 2005, Emplacement of Cuban ophiolites: Geologica Acta, v. 3, no. 3, p. 273-294.</ref> Garcia-Casco et al.,<ref name=Garciacascoetal_2006>Garcia-Casco, A., R. L. Torres-Roldan, M. A. Iturralde-Vinent, G. Millan, K. Nunez Cambra, C. Lazaro, and A. Rodriguez Vega, 2006, High pressure metamorphism of ophiolites in Cuba: Geologica Acta, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 63-88.</ref> Giunta et al.,<ref name=Giuntaetal_2006>Giunta, G., L. Beccaluav, and F. Siena, 2006, Caribbean plate margin evolution: constraints and current problems: Geologica Acta, v. 4, no. 102, p. 265-277.</ref> and Pindell et al.<ref name=Pindelletal_2006>Pindell, J. L., L. Kennan, K. P. Stanek, W. V. Maresh, and G. Draper, 2006, Foundations of Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean evolution: Eight controversies resolved: Geologica Acta, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 303-341.</ref> have interpreted the Cretaceous Cuban subduction as northeast dipping and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversals reversing polarity] to the southwest during the Late Cretaceous. Cuba's geology suggests that the subduction was continuously north dipping, and this concept is discussed in more detail below.