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→Liquid loading
When liquid loading occurs, it may be necessary to change the wellbore configuration or to install [[artificial lift]] equipment. For example, the size of the tubing affects the velocity of the fluid flowing up the well. If smaller tubing is used, the velocity of the fluid will be greater because of the smaller cross-sectional area. From a study of over 100 flowing gas wells, Turner et al.<ref name=pt09r24>Turner, R. G., Hubbard, M. G., Pukler, A. E., 1969, Analysis and prediction of minimum flow rate for the continuous removal of liquids from gas wells: Journal of Petroleum Technology, Nov., p. 1475–1482.</ref> developed a useful correlation to determine the minimum flow rate (and thus, velocity) required to lift liquids continuously from a gas well. Turner's correlation can be used to determine the size tubing required to remove water continuously from a well that is flowing at a specific rate.
When liquid loading occurs, it may be necessary to change the wellbore configuration or to install [[artificial lift]] equipment. For example, the size of the tubing affects the velocity of the fluid flowing up the well. If smaller tubing is used, the velocity of the fluid will be greater because of the smaller cross-sectional area. From a study of over 100 flowing gas wells, Turner et al.<ref name=pt09r24>Turner, R. G., Hubbard, M. G., Pukler, A. E., 1969, Analysis and prediction of minimum flow rate for the continuous removal of liquids from gas wells: Journal of Petroleum Technology, Nov., p. 1475–1482.</ref> developed a useful correlation to determine the minimum flow rate (and thus, velocity) required to lift liquids continuously from a gas well. Turner's correlation can be used to determine the size tubing required to remove water continuously from a well that is flowing at a specific rate.
In oil or gas wells that make large volumes of water or condensate, it may be necessary to install artificial lift equipment to pump the liquids to the surface. Most common methods of artificial lift include rod pumps, submersible pumps, and gas lift valves (see “[[Artificial lift]]”).
In oil or gas wells that make large volumes of water or condensate, it may be necessary to install artificial lift equipment to pump the liquids to the surface. Most common methods of artificial lift include rod pumps, submersible pumps, and gas lift valves (see [[Artificial lift]]).
==Mechanical failures==
==Mechanical failures==