Changes

==Subtidal and intertidal complexes==

==Subtidal and intertidal complexes==

[[File:M91FG199.JPG|thumb|300px|{{figure number|5}}The upper photograph shows a Carbonate tidal flat on Andros Island, Bahamas. The tidal channel is about 150 m (492 ft) wide at the bottom of the photograph. The lower diagram shows three tidal flat reservoir cycles in the Permian San Andres dolomite of the northern Delaware basin in New Mexico and Texas (after Shinn, 1983). Repeated transgression and regression create cycles of tidal flat reservoirs, each sealed by impermeable anhydritic supratidal facies toward the north. Reprinted with permission from the AAPG.]]

[[File:M91FG199.JPG|thumb|300px|{{figure number|5}}The upper photograph shows a Carbonate tidal flat on Andros Island, Bahamas. The tidal channel is about 150 m (492 ft) wide at the bottom of the photograph. The lower diagram shows three tidal flat reservoir cycles in the Permian San Andres dolomite of the northern Delaware basin in New Mexico and Texas (after Shinn).<ref name=Shinn> Shinn, E. A., 1983, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/carbona3/data/a043/a043/0001/0150/0171.htm Tidal flat environment], in P. A. Scholle, D. G. Bebout, and C. H. Moore, eds., Carbonate depositional environments: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=656 AAPG Memoir 33], p. 171–210.</ref> Repeated transgression and regression create cycles of tidal flat reservoirs, each sealed by impermeable anhydritic supratidal facies toward the north. Reprinted with permission from the AAPG.]]

The shelf interior in carbonate systems commonly shoals to a tidal flat environment that may be extensive in area ([[:File:M91FG199.JPG|Figure 5]]). The highest porosities and permeabilities are found in the subtidal to intertidal facies with the best reservoir quality in tidal channel sediments. Supratidal sediments show the poorest reservoir quality and are typically barriers to vertical flow (Shinn, 1983). In arid environments, supratidal sabkha may be found. The evaporites can act as internal seals (Wilson, 1980).

The shelf interior in carbonate systems commonly shoals to a tidal flat environment that may be extensive in area ([[:File:M91FG199.JPG|Figure 5]]). The highest porosities and permeabilities are found in the subtidal to intertidal facies with the best reservoir quality in tidal channel sediments. Supratidal sediments show the poorest reservoir quality and are typically barriers to vertical flow.<ref name=Shinn /> In arid environments, supratidal sabkha may be found. The evaporites can act as internal seals.<ref>Wilson, J. L., 1980, A review of carbonate reservoirs, in A. D. Miall, ed., Facts and principles of world petroleum occurrence: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 6, p. 95–115.</ref>

Tidal flat mudstones can be extensively dolomitized to form significant reservoir intervals. Examples of this are found in reservoirs of the Ordovician Ellenburger Formation in the United States, the Ordovician Red River Formation of the Williston basin, the Permian Basin carbonates of Texas, and the Cretaceous offshore of west Africa.

Tidal flat mudstones can be extensively dolomitized to form significant reservoir intervals. Examples of this are found in reservoirs of the Ordovician Ellenburger Formation in the United States, the Ordovician Red River Formation of the Williston basin, the Permian Basin carbonates of Texas, and the Cretaceous offshore of west Africa.