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| | part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps | | | part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps |
| | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps | | | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps |
− | | frompg = 21-1 | + | | frompg = 21-35 |
− | | topg = 21-68 | + | | topg = 21-36 |
| | author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks | | | author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks |
| | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm | | | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm |
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| | isbn = 0-89181-602-X | | | isbn = 0-89181-602-X |
| }} | | }} |
− | '''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflections]] whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude amplitude], and [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency frequency], within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> | + | '''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflections]] whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude amplitude], and [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency frequency], within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine [[lateral]] [[lithofacies]] and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> Of these parameters, [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection pattern]] geometries are perhaps the most useful for calibration with lithofacies interpreted from [[Quick-look lithology from logs|well logs]], [[Core description|cores]], and [[Mudlogging: drill cuttings analysis|cuttings]]. |
| | | |
| [[file:AAPGBullFeb2013ZengFigure4.JPG|thumb|400px|Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90° Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.<ref name=Zeng_2013>Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2013/02feb/BLTN12029/BLTN12029.HTM 10.1306/06011212029].</ref>]] | | [[file:AAPGBullFeb2013ZengFigure4.JPG|thumb|400px|Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90° Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.<ref name=Zeng_2013>Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2013/02feb/BLTN12029/BLTN12029.HTM 10.1306/06011212029].</ref>]] |
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| The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />). | | The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />). |
| | | |
− | {| class = "wikitable"
| + | # Divide each [[Depositional sequence identification|depositional sequence]] into seismic facies units on all seismic sections. |
− | |-
| + | # Describe the internal [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection configuration]] and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/downlap.aspx downlap]. |
− | ! Step
| + | # Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence. |
− | ! Action
| + | # Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity interval velocity] or localized [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude_anomaly amplitude anomalies]. |
− | |-
| + | # Integrate well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data with seismic facies distribution. |
− | | 1
| + | # Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects. |
− | | Divide each [[depositional sequence]] into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
| + | # Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data. |
− | |-
| |
− | | 2
| |
− | | Describe the internal [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection configuration]] and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/downlap.aspx downlap].
| |
− | |-
| |
− | | 3
| |
− | | Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
| |
− | |-
| |
− | | 4
| |
− | | Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity interval velocity] or localized [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude_anomaly amplitude anomalies].
| |
− | |-
| |
− | | 5
| |
− | | Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
| |
− | |-
| |
− | | 6
| |
− | | Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
| |
− | |-
| |
− | | 7
| |
− | | Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
| |
− | |}
| |
| | | |
| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
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| [[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] | | [[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]] |
| [[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]] | | [[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]] |
| + | [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]] |