− | A stagnant lid regime occurs when mantle driving forces do not exceed the lithospheric yield strength, resulting in a single, continuous rigid plate overlying the mantle. Stagnant lids only develop when the [[viscosity]] contrast between the surface and planetary interior exceeds about four orders of magnitude.<ref name=Reese_etal_1998>Reese, C.C.; Solomatov, V.S.; Moresi, L.-N. (25 June 1998). "Heat transport efficiency for stagnant lid convection with dislocation viscosity: Application to Mars and Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (E6): 13643–13657. doi:10.1029/98JE01047. Retrieved 10 October 2014.</ref> | + | A stagnant lid regime occurs when mantle driving forces do not exceed the lithospheric yield strength, resulting in a single, continuous rigid plate overlying the mantle. Stagnant lids only develop when the [[viscosity]] contrast between the surface and planetary interior exceeds about four orders of magnitude.<ref name=Reese_etal_1998>Reese, C. C., V. S. Solomatov, and L.-N. Moresi, 1998, Heat transport efficiency for stagnant lid convection with dislocation viscosity: Application to Mars and Venus, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103 (E6), pp. 13643–13657.</ref> |