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Israel petroleum systems (view source)
Revision as of 16:43, 23 February 2016
, 16:43, 23 February 2016Created page with "{{publication | image = M106_cover_proof.jpg | series = AAPG Memoir | title = Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region | part = | chapter = The petroleum systems..."
{{publication
| image = M106_cover_proof.jpg
| series = AAPG Memoir
| title = Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region
| part =
| chapter = The petroleum systems of Israel
| frompg = 179
| topg = 216
| author = Michael A. Gardosh, Eli Tannenbaum
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir106/data/i_aapg-sp1960179.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1139
| isbn = 9780891813866
}}
'''UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''
Petroleum has been exploited in the area of Israel since times of antiquity.<ref name=Nissenbaum_1978>Nissenbaum, A., 1978, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0062/0005/0800/0837.htm The Dead Sea asphalts - Historical aspects]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, p. 837–844.</ref> Remains of asphalt collected along the Dead Sea shore were identified in Egyptian mummies dated to about 200 B.C.<ref name=Rullkötterandnissenbaum_1988>Rullkötter, J. and A. Nissenbaum, 1988, Dead Sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies: Molecular evidence: Naturwissenschaften, v. 75, p. 618–621.</ref> Modern commercial exploitation of hydrocarbons began in the 1950s with the discovery of the Helez oil field in the southern Coastal Plain of Israel ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). The Helez success promoted drilling activity throughout the country, but until the 1990s only small quantities of oil and gas had been discovered and produced. In 1999 the focus of exploration was shifted from the onshore systems to the Levantine Basin ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). In the following decade, 11 natural gas fields were discovered offshore Israel in water depths ranging from 200–1600 m (656–5249 ft). One of them, the MariB field ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]), began production in 2004 and the Tamar field in 2013.
<gallery mode=packed heights=400px widths4300px>
file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|{{figure number|1}}Map showing the main tectonic elements and petroleum occurrences of Israel. The two most prominent tectonic features are the Levantine Basin and Margin in the west and the Dead Sea rift in the east. Most of the hydrocarbon accumulations found in Israel are associated with these two tectonic provinces. Other important structural elements are the Syrian Arc fold belt in central and southern Israel, the Sinai-Negev dextral, strike-slip faults, and the normal fault system of the Galilee. Numbers refer to oil fields and hydrocarbon shows detailed in Table 1. 50 km (31.1 mi).
file:M106Ch06Fig03.jpg|{{figure number|2}}Map showing the location of oil and gas wells and active petroleum rights (licenses and leases) in Israel. The information in the map is updated to April 2012 (adapted from information in the Israel Ministry of Energy and Water Resources website). 50 km (31.1 mi).
</gallery>
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
|+ {{table number|1}}Summary table of the oil and gas fields and the main hydrocarbon shows in the area of Israel. The locations of hydrocarbon accumulations are shown in [[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]. Production data is taken from the Ministry of Energy database and includes the cumulative amount of hydrocarbons that had been produced by the end of 2011 (U.F. = Undeveloped Field). Resource data includes the amount of technically recoverable oil and gas resources in discovered fields, taken from public company reports and other published sources. The resources in the Aphrodite field are estimated for the area in Israeli water. The Gaza Marine field is located outside of the Israeli economic water. The production and resource data of the Helez field (5) includes the combined amount in all three reservoir levels. The amount of recoverable resources in some of the small onshore fields (1, 2, 4, 9, 12, and 20) is unknown
|-
! Age || Field or Show # (show=*) || Field or Show Name || Petroleum System || Year of Discovery || Reservoir Name or Formation || Reservoir Type || Hydrocarbon Type || Trap Type || Source Rock || Seal Rock || Produced by 2001 (MMBO &/or BCFG) || Recoverable Resources (MMBO &/or BCFG)
|-
| Quaternary || 27 || Hula || Hula || 1991 || Huyla Sand || Continental sandstone, coal || Gas || Structural/stratigraphic || Hula Formation || Hula marl || 0.01 || 0.2
|-
| || 26 || Ashdod Gas || Yafo || 1976 || Kurkar Yafo || calcarenite || Gas || Stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Saqiye Group || 0.37 || 1.5
|-
| Pliocene || 25 || Gaza Marine || Yafo || 2000 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || U.F. || 1200
|-
| || 24 || Nir || Yafo || 2000 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural/stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || U.F. || 4
|-
| || 23 || MarieB || Yafo || 2000 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural/stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || 770 || 1200
|-
| || 22 || Or || Yafo || 1999 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || U.F. || 35
|-
| || 21 || Noa || Yafo ||
|}
The 60-year-old story of Israel’s petroleum industry is one of many rises and falls. Periods of drilling success were followed by dry wells and suspension of exploration activity, at times influenced by geopolitical instability, unfavorable fiscal regime, and lack of capital investment. Once government owned, the three Israeli oil companies, INOC (Israel National Oil Company), Naphta, and the Lapidoth Oil Prospectors, were fully privatized during the 1990s.
The recent, offshore drilling success has attracted major capital investment and has resulted in a surge of exploration activity ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig03.jpg|Figure 2]]) with the participation of internationally based oil companies. In the coming decade new targets will be drilled in the Levantine Basin offshore Israel which may lead to an increase in gas reserves and possibly prove the potential for the production of oil, previously discovered in several offshore wells ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). For the first time in its history, Israel has the prospect of supplying its own energy needs and even becoming an exporter of natural gas.
==See also==
* [[Phanerozoic Tethys region]]
* [[Tethys region]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/alt-browse/aapg-special-volumes/m106.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir106/data/i_aapg-sp1960179.htm PDF file in Datapages]
| image = M106_cover_proof.jpg
| series = AAPG Memoir
| title = Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region
| part =
| chapter = The petroleum systems of Israel
| frompg = 179
| topg = 216
| author = Michael A. Gardosh, Eli Tannenbaum
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir106/data/i_aapg-sp1960179.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1139
| isbn = 9780891813866
}}
'''UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''
Petroleum has been exploited in the area of Israel since times of antiquity.<ref name=Nissenbaum_1978>Nissenbaum, A., 1978, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0062/0005/0800/0837.htm The Dead Sea asphalts - Historical aspects]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, p. 837–844.</ref> Remains of asphalt collected along the Dead Sea shore were identified in Egyptian mummies dated to about 200 B.C.<ref name=Rullkötterandnissenbaum_1988>Rullkötter, J. and A. Nissenbaum, 1988, Dead Sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies: Molecular evidence: Naturwissenschaften, v. 75, p. 618–621.</ref> Modern commercial exploitation of hydrocarbons began in the 1950s with the discovery of the Helez oil field in the southern Coastal Plain of Israel ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). The Helez success promoted drilling activity throughout the country, but until the 1990s only small quantities of oil and gas had been discovered and produced. In 1999 the focus of exploration was shifted from the onshore systems to the Levantine Basin ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). In the following decade, 11 natural gas fields were discovered offshore Israel in water depths ranging from 200–1600 m (656–5249 ft). One of them, the MariB field ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]), began production in 2004 and the Tamar field in 2013.
<gallery mode=packed heights=400px widths4300px>
file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|{{figure number|1}}Map showing the main tectonic elements and petroleum occurrences of Israel. The two most prominent tectonic features are the Levantine Basin and Margin in the west and the Dead Sea rift in the east. Most of the hydrocarbon accumulations found in Israel are associated with these two tectonic provinces. Other important structural elements are the Syrian Arc fold belt in central and southern Israel, the Sinai-Negev dextral, strike-slip faults, and the normal fault system of the Galilee. Numbers refer to oil fields and hydrocarbon shows detailed in Table 1. 50 km (31.1 mi).
file:M106Ch06Fig03.jpg|{{figure number|2}}Map showing the location of oil and gas wells and active petroleum rights (licenses and leases) in Israel. The information in the map is updated to April 2012 (adapted from information in the Israel Ministry of Energy and Water Resources website). 50 km (31.1 mi).
</gallery>
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
|+ {{table number|1}}Summary table of the oil and gas fields and the main hydrocarbon shows in the area of Israel. The locations of hydrocarbon accumulations are shown in [[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]. Production data is taken from the Ministry of Energy database and includes the cumulative amount of hydrocarbons that had been produced by the end of 2011 (U.F. = Undeveloped Field). Resource data includes the amount of technically recoverable oil and gas resources in discovered fields, taken from public company reports and other published sources. The resources in the Aphrodite field are estimated for the area in Israeli water. The Gaza Marine field is located outside of the Israeli economic water. The production and resource data of the Helez field (5) includes the combined amount in all three reservoir levels. The amount of recoverable resources in some of the small onshore fields (1, 2, 4, 9, 12, and 20) is unknown
|-
! Age || Field or Show # (show=*) || Field or Show Name || Petroleum System || Year of Discovery || Reservoir Name or Formation || Reservoir Type || Hydrocarbon Type || Trap Type || Source Rock || Seal Rock || Produced by 2001 (MMBO &/or BCFG) || Recoverable Resources (MMBO &/or BCFG)
|-
| Quaternary || 27 || Hula || Hula || 1991 || Huyla Sand || Continental sandstone, coal || Gas || Structural/stratigraphic || Hula Formation || Hula marl || 0.01 || 0.2
|-
| || 26 || Ashdod Gas || Yafo || 1976 || Kurkar Yafo || calcarenite || Gas || Stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Saqiye Group || 0.37 || 1.5
|-
| Pliocene || 25 || Gaza Marine || Yafo || 2000 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || U.F. || 1200
|-
| || 24 || Nir || Yafo || 2000 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural/stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || U.F. || 4
|-
| || 23 || MarieB || Yafo || 2000 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Structural/stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || 770 || 1200
|-
| || 22 || Or || Yafo || 1999 || Yafo Sand || Turbidite sandstone || Gas || Stratigraphic || Saqiye Group || Yafo shale || U.F. || 35
|-
| || 21 || Noa || Yafo ||
|}
The 60-year-old story of Israel’s petroleum industry is one of many rises and falls. Periods of drilling success were followed by dry wells and suspension of exploration activity, at times influenced by geopolitical instability, unfavorable fiscal regime, and lack of capital investment. Once government owned, the three Israeli oil companies, INOC (Israel National Oil Company), Naphta, and the Lapidoth Oil Prospectors, were fully privatized during the 1990s.
The recent, offshore drilling success has attracted major capital investment and has resulted in a surge of exploration activity ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig03.jpg|Figure 2]]) with the participation of internationally based oil companies. In the coming decade new targets will be drilled in the Levantine Basin offshore Israel which may lead to an increase in gas reserves and possibly prove the potential for the production of oil, previously discovered in several offshore wells ([[:file:M106Ch06Fig02.jpg|Figure 1]]). For the first time in its history, Israel has the prospect of supplying its own energy needs and even becoming an exporter of natural gas.
==See also==
* [[Phanerozoic Tethys region]]
* [[Tethys region]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/alt-browse/aapg-special-volumes/m106.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir106/data/i_aapg-sp1960179.htm PDF file in Datapages]