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Line 12: − Although [[oil as an energy source|oil]] is, at present, the principal source of energy in the world (easier to produce, transport, store, and use) and [[natural gas|gas]] is acclaimed as the fuel of the future because it is the cleanest burning of the main sources of energy, coal is, by far, the most abundant and lowest cost fossil fuel source of energy; coal reserves are 5 times as large as either oil or gas reserves, and coal resources are estimated to be about 17 times the oil resources and 20 times the gas resources.+ − + + + + + Line 20:
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[[file:Coal_Bituminous.jpg|thumb|300px|Coal. [http://geosurvey.state.co.us/energy/Coal/Pages/Whatisit.aspx Courtesy Colorado Geological Survey].]]
[[file:St54Figure36.JPG|thumb|300px|Coal production.<ref name=Salvador_2005>Salvador, Amos, 2005, Energy-A historical perspective and 21st Century forecast: AAPG Studies in Geology 54, 208 p.</ref>]]
Coal is a rock that contains greater than 50 wt. % organic matter. Most coals in North America and Europe originate mainly from higher plants and consist of type III (gas-prone) [[kerogen]] dominated by [[Thermal maturation#Vitrinite|vitrinite]] group [[maceral]]s. Thermal [[maturation]] transforms peat to lignite, bituminous coal, and then anthracite coal.<ref name=Petersetal_2012>Peters, Kenneth E., David J. Curry, and Marek Kacewicz, 2012, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/hedberg4/INTRODUCTION/INTRODUCTION.HTM An overview of basin and petroleum system modeling: Definitions and concepts], ''in'' Peters, Kenneth E., David J. Curry, and Marek Kacewicz, eds., Basin modeling: New horizons in research and applications: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1106 AAPG Hedberg Series no. 4], p. 1-16.</ref>
Although [[oil as an energy source|oil]] is, at present, the principal source of energy in the world (easier to produce, transport, store, and use) and [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/n/natural_gas.aspx gas] is acclaimed as the fuel of the future because it is the cleanest burning of the main sources of energy, coal is, by far, the most abundant and lowest cost [https://www.udemy.com/blog/types-of-fossil-fuels/ fossil fuel] source of energy; coal reserves are 5 times as large as either oil or gas reserves, and coal resources are estimated to be about 17 times the oil resources and 20 times the gas resources.
[[file:St54Figure36.JPG|thumb|300px|Coal production.<ref name=Salvador_2005>Salvador, A., 2005, Energy-A historical perspective and 21st Century forecast: AAPG Studies in Geology 54, 208 p.</ref>]]
Coal is also a versatile source of energy. It can be used for the generation of electricity and as a source of heat; it can be converted to liquid and gaseous fuels; and it is a source of chemical feedstock and metallurgical coke.
Coal is also a versatile source of energy. It can be used for the generation of electricity and as a source of heat; it can be converted to liquid and gaseous fuels; and it is a source of chemical feedstock and metallurgical coke.
These advantages, however, are countered at present by major drawbacks, the most important of which is the serious environmental pollution resulting from the mining, transportation, and burning of coal.
These advantages, however, are countered at present by major drawbacks, the most important of which is the serious environmental pollution resulting from the mining, transportation, and burning of coal.
Coal is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50% by weight and more than 70% by volume of carbonaceous material, including inherent moisture. Coal is formed by the alteration, compaction, and induration of variously altered plant remains accumulated in conditions similar to the conditions that favor the formation of modern-day [[peat]] deposits.
Coal is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50% by weight and more than 70% by volume of carbonaceous material, including inherent moisture. Coal is formed by the alteration, compaction, and induration of variously altered plant remains accumulated in conditions similar to the conditions that favor the formation of modern-day [http://www.peatsociety.org/peatlands-and-peat/what-peat peat] deposits.
Coal is most commonly and usefully classified by rank, which essentially indicates the degree of coalification or stage of metamorphism that a coal reaches in its slow, progressive transformation from the oxygen-rich plant debris in peat deposits to [[lignite]], [[subbituminous coal|subbituminous]], and [[bituminous coal]]s, and finally to the carbon-rich, oxygen-poor [[anthracite coal]]s. As this transformation occurs, the moisture content and the volatile matter decrease, whereas the percentage of fixed carbon and the calorific value increase. The demarcation levels in this characterization of coal by rank, unfortunately, are not yet internationally uniform.
Coal is most commonly and usefully classified by rank, which essentially indicates the degree of coalification or stage of metamorphism that a coal reaches in its slow, progressive transformation from the oxygen-rich plant debris in peat deposits to [https://www.lignite.com/about-lignite/ lignite], [http://energy.about.com/od/Coal/a/Sub-Bituminous-Coal.htm subbituminous], and [http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Bituminous_coal.html bituminous coal]s, and finally to the carbon-rich, oxygen-poor [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27447/anthracite anthracite coal]s. As this transformation occurs, the moisture content and the volatile matter decrease, whereas the percentage of fixed carbon and the calorific value increase. The demarcation levels in this characterization of coal by rank, unfortunately, are not yet internationally uniform.
Coal deposits are known from all post-Silurian systems. Most prolific are the Permian (about 29% of the world's coal deposits) and the Carboniferous (20%), followed by the Tertiary (21%), the Jurassic (15%), and the Cretaceous (15%). Small deposits are known in the Devonian and the Triassic.
Coal deposits are known from all super-[[Silurian]] systems. Most prolific are the [[Permian]] (about 29% of the world's coal deposits) and the [[Carboniferous]] (20%), followed by the [[Tertiary]] (21%), the [[Jurassic]] (15%), and the [[Cretaceous]] (15%). Small deposits are known in the [[Devonian]] and the [[Triassic]].
The use of coal has undergone profound changes in the last 70 or 80 years. In the early part of the 20th century, coal was used mainly as an industrial, transportation, and domestic fuel; the greater part (about 85%) of the coal mined today is used in the generation of electric power. As a percentage of the total commercial energy consumption, coal has declined from 90-95% at the beginning of the 20th century to about 25% in 2005.
The use of coal has undergone profound changes in the last 70 or 80 years. In the early part of the 20th century, coal was used mainly as an industrial, transportation, and domestic fuel; the greater part (about 85%) of the coal mined today is used in the generation of electric power. As a percentage of the total commercial energy consumption, coal has declined from 90-95% at the beginning of the 20th century to about 25% in 2005.
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/study54/CHAPTER04/CHAPTER04.HTM Original content in Datapages]
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/study54/CHAPTER04/CHAPTER04.HTM Original content in Datapages]
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/study54/CHAPTER04/IMAGES/CHAPTER04.PDF PDF available in Datapages]
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/study54/CHAPTER04/IMAGES/CHAPTER04.PDF PDF available in Datapages]
[[Category:Energy sources]]