Changes

==Terrestrial (Continental) Environments==

==Terrestrial (Continental) Environments==

There are 4 major kinds of terrestrial environments, they are fluvial, desert, lacustrine, and glacial. Fluvial environment is close-connected to the activity of river and also to alluvial

There are 4 major kinds of terrestrial environments, they are fluvial, desert, lacustrine, and glacial. Fluvial environment is close-connected to the activity of river and also to [[alluvial]] plain. Desert environment is close-connected to the role of wind as the agent of transportation and sedimentation. Lacustrine sediments form in lake and glacial sediments form in ice- covered mountain or slope. Each kinds of terrestrial environments will be explaned more below :

plain. Desert environment is close-connected to the role of wind as the agent of transportation and sedimentation. Lacustrine sediments form in lake and glacial sediments form in ice- covered mountain or slope. Each kinds of terrestrial environments will be explaned more below :

==Fluvial Systems==

==Fluvial Systems==

Fluvial deposits, also known as alluvial deposits, involves sediments that are formed by activities of river, stream, and associated with gravity flow process. There are 2 kinds of environmental settings from fluvial deposits, which are alluvial fan and river.<ref name=Bggs />

Fluvial deposits, also known as [[alluvial]] deposits, involves sediments that are formed by activities of river, stream, and associated with gravity flow process. There are 2 kinds of environmental settings from fluvial deposits, which are alluvial fan and river.<ref name=Bggs />

==Alluvial Fan and Its Classification==

==Alluvial Fan and Its Classification==

Alluvial deposits has gross – cone-like shape and form a convex-up construction in cross section. These deposits are consist of abudant gravel-sand detritus on mostly fairly steep depositional slope. They are poorly sorted and are common from the base of mountain range with many sediment supplies. Based on depositional processes, there are 2 kinds of alluvial fans, debris-flow-dominated fans and stream-flow-dominated fans. As the flow of sediments from high relief area (mountain range) comes to a lower area, they are free to spread out with help of gravity. Debris-flow deposits are poorly sorted with the lack of sediment structure, except the reverse graded bedding in their basal parts. They contain various sizes of sediment, and mostly impermeable and nonporous because of the high amount of muddy matrix.

[[Alluvial]] deposits has gross – cone-like shape and form a convex-up construction in cross section. These deposits are consist of abudant gravel-sand detritus on mostly fairly steep depositional slope. They are poorly sorted and are common from the base of mountain range with many sediment supplies. Based on depositional processes, there are 2 kinds of alluvial fans, debris-flow-dominated fans and stream-flow-dominated fans. As the flow of sediments from high relief area (mountain range) comes to a lower area, they are free to spread out with help of gravity. Debris-flow deposits are poorly sorted with the lack of sediment structure, except the reverse graded bedding in their basal parts. They contain various sizes of sediment, and mostly impermeable and nonporous because of the high amount of muddy matrix.

There is also mudflow which is similar to debris flow but mostly contains finer size of sediments than debris flow. Debris flow is also associated with landslide, the landslide is commonly as the source of sediments for debris flow. Stream-flow processes are the principal transport mechanism of stream-flow dominated fans. There are sheetflood and incised channel flow. Sheetflood is a broad expanse of unconfined , sediment-laden runoff water moving downslope , commonly proudced by catastrophic discharge. And incised-channel flow takes place through channel, 1-4 m high, incised into the upper fan.

There is also mudflow which is similar to debris flow but mostly contains finer size of sediments than debris flow. Debris flow is also associated with landslide, the landslide is commonly as the source of sediments for debris flow. Stream-flow processes are the principal transport mechanism of stream-flow dominated fans. There are sheetflood and incised channel flow. Sheetflood is a broad expanse of unconfined , sediment-laden runoff water moving downslope , commonly proudced by catastrophic discharge. And incised-channel flow takes place through channel, 1-4 m high, incised into the upper fan.

==Characteristics of Alluvial Fan==

==Characteristics of Alluvial Fan==

Alluvial fans are cone-shape and have many distributary channels. From the fanhead to the fantoe and also from the cross section, it’s concave upward. Alluvial fan deposits are mostly gravel-sized sediments and show down-fan decreased in grain size and bed thickness

[[Alluvial]] fans are cone-shape and have many distributary channels. From the fanhead to the fantoe and also from the cross section, it’s concave upward. Alluvial fan deposits are mostly gravel-sized sediments and show down-fan decreased in grain size and bed thickness and an increase in sediment sorting. The characteristics of debris-flow-dominated fan are the poorly sorted sediment with coarse grain sizes and muddy matrix. But the stream-flow- dominated fans are more sheetlike deposits of finer grain sizes and may have well sorted, laminated, cross-bedded or nearly strcutureless. Mostly, alluvial fan deposits have strongly developed thickening and coarsening-upward succesion, which are caused by active fan progradation or outbuilding. But there are some fan deposits have thinning and finning upward succession which are caused by fan retrogradation.

and an increase in sediment sorting. The characteristics of debris-flow-dominated fan are the poorly sorted sediment with coarse grain sizes and muddy matrix. But the stream-flow- dominated fans are more sheetlike deposits of finer grain sizes and may have well sorted, laminated, cross-bedded or nearly strcutureless. Mostly, alluvial fan deposits have strongly developed thickening and coarsening-upward succesion, which are caused by active fan progradation or outbuilding. But there are some fan deposits have thinning and finning upward succession which are caused by fan retrogradation.

==River Systems==

==River Systems==

==Deltaic System==

==Deltaic System==

Learning about Deltaic System is important because delta told as the host of petroleum, gasses, and coals. Herodotus, a greek philosopher, use the terms of Delta to describe a triangle shape of alluvial plain in the mouth of Nile River. Nowadays, although Delta doesn’t form a perfect triangle, the term Delta is still used to describe the subaerial or subaqueous deposition of fluvial processes in the body of water. Generally, delta is formed by the deposition and sedimentation of materials that are transported through the river in other body of water like sea. This process is called the constructive process. Beside the constructive process, delta is also influenced by the destructive processes like reworking and redistributing of sediment from marine system. The place in which the delta is formed has three requirements. First, it has to have a large and active drainage system. Second, the tectonic activity should be low. Last, it has to have a large supply of sediments.

Learning about Deltaic System is important because delta told as the host of petroleum, gasses, and coals. Herodotus, a greek philosopher, use the terms of Delta to describe a triangle shape of [[alluvial]] plain in the mouth of Nile River. Nowadays, although Delta doesn’t form a perfect triangle, the term Delta is still used to describe the subaerial or subaqueous deposition of fluvial processes in the body of water. Generally, delta is formed by the deposition and sedimentation of materials that are transported through the river in other body of water like sea. This process is called the constructive process. Beside the constructive process, delta is also influenced by the destructive processes like reworking and redistributing of sediment from marine system. The place in which the delta is formed has three requirements. First, it has to have a large and active drainage system. Second, the tectonic activity should be low. Last, it has to have a large supply of sediments.

Based on the sedimentation processes, the morphology of delta can be classified as Delta Plain, Delta Front, and Prodelta.

Based on the sedimentation processes, the morphology of delta can be classified as Delta Plain, Delta Front, and Prodelta.