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Hydrocarbon accumulation: the seven critical elements (view source)
Revision as of 21:47, 1 February 2022
, 21:47, 1 February 2022added Category:Treatise Handbook 3 using HotCat
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Value of geological fieldwork
| chapter = Value of geological fieldwork
| frompg = 19-1
| frompg = 19-11
| topg = 19-42
| topg = 19-12
| author = Denise M. Stone
| author = Denise M. Stone
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch19/ch19.htm
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch19/ch19.htm
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
}}
Seven critical elements are necessary for subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations to occur:
Seven critical elements are necessary for subsurface [[hydrocarbon]] [[accumulation]]s to occur:
* Reservoir rock
* [[Reservoir]] rock
* Source rock
* [[Source rock]]
* Seal
* [[Seal]]
* Thermal history
* Thermal history
* Migration and trapping of hydrocarbons
* [[Migration]] and [[trap]]ping of [[hydrocarbon]]s
* Geologic history of the basin
* Geologic history of the basin
* Structural history and style
* Structural history and style
==Criticality==
==Criticality==
Exploration risk is best understood by studying historically what has and has not been successful in a basin. In other words, what combination of the seven critical elements occurred to form existing fields and, conversely, what are the main reasons for the dry holes in that same basin? Is a common element responsible for the dry holes?
Exploration risk is best understood by studying historically what has and has not been successful in a basin. In other words, what combination of the seven critical elements occurred to form existing fields and, conversely, what are the main reasons for the [[dry hole]]s in that same basin? Is a common element responsible for the dry holes?
The goal of an exploration effort is to use all the data available to identify fully the technical risks and recommend the best course of action and investment. Action following a field project might range from no action, to acquiring more data in key areas, to drilling a well.
The goal of an exploration effort is to use all the data available to identify fully the technical risks and recommend the best course of action and investment. Action following a field project might range from no action, to acquiring more data in key areas, to [[drilling a well]].
==Critical element checklist==
==Critical element checklist==
The following checklist summarizes key [[attributes]] of the seven critical elements. The working explorer should have a general understanding of these attributes in the basin studied.
[[file:value-of-geological-fieldwork_fig19-1.png|500px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}A summary of each of the seven critical elements of a hydrocarbon system with respect to the exploration maturity of the basin.]]
The following checklist summarizes key attributes of the seven critical elements. The working explorer should have a general understanding of these attributes in the basin studied.
===Reservoir rock===
===Reservoir rock===
* Sedimentary rock type(s)
* Sedimentary rock type(s)
* Gross thickness range
* Gross thickness range
* Lateral continuity (faulted?)
* [[Lateral]] continuity (faulted?)
* Mappability
* Mappability
* Depth of burial: structural relief of reservoir top
* Depth of burial
* Outcrop occurrences
* Structural relief of reservoir top
* [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] occurrences
Character of upper and lower boundaries
Character of upper and lower boundaries
* Depositional environment
* Depositional environment
* Facies distribution
* [[Lithofacies|Facies]] distribution
* Provenance
* [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/provenance Provenance]
* Internal stratigraphic subdivisions
* Internal stratigraphic subdivisions
* Age diagnostic criteria: fossils, intrusives, marker horizons
* Age diagnostic criteria: fossils, [http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3598.html intrusives], marker horizons
* Electric log responses
* Electric log responses
* Pay distribution: vertical, lateral
* Pay distribution: vertical, lateral
* Composition: framework grain mineralogy, crystallinity
* Composition: framework grain mineralogy, crystallinity
* Texture: grain size, sorting, roundness, crystallinity
* Texture: [[grain size]], [[Core_description#Maturity|sorting]], roundness, crystallinity
* Degree of cementation
* Degree of cementation
* Diagenetic alteration
* [[Diagenesis|Diagenetic]] alteration
* Microfossils
* Microfossils
* Fractures
* [[Fracture]]s
* [[Porosity]]
* [[Porosity]]
* [[Permeability]]
* [[Permeability]]
* Organic richness
* Organic richness
* Thermal maturity
* Thermal maturity
* Kerogen type
* [[Kerogen types|Kerogen type]]
* Depositional environment
* [[Depositional environments|Depositional environment]]
* Facies
* [[Lithofacies|Facies]]
* Mappability
* Mappability
* Carbonate vs. clastic
* Carbonate vs. clastic
* [[Capillary pressure]]
* [[Capillary pressure]]
* Lateral continuity of sealing formations
* Lateral continuity of sealing formations
* Presence of evaporates
* Presence of [[evaporite]]s
* Fracture systems
* [[Fracture]] systems
===Thermal history===
===Thermal history===
* Fault juxtaposition
* Fault juxtaposition
* Fractures
* [[Fracture]]s
* Lateral [[permeability]] and [[porosity]]
* Lateral [[permeability]] and [[porosity]]
* Controls on migration
* Controls on [[migration]]
===Geologic history===
===Geologic history===
* Main tectonic events: compressional, tensional, wrench
* Main tectonic events: compressional, tensional, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&filter=wrench%20fault wrench]
* Structural overprinting
* Structural overprinting
* Depositional history: continental, marine
* Depositional history: continental, marine
* Episodes of subsidence: regional, local
* Episodes of subsidence: regional, local
* Controls on subsidence
* Controls on subsidence
* Unconformities
* [[Unconformity|Unconformities]]
* Significant episodes of volcanism, subsidence, uplift, erosion
* Significant episodes of volcanism, subsidence, uplift, erosion
* Rates of deposition
* Rates of deposition
* Paleotopography
* [[Paleogeography|Paleotopography]]
* Paleoshoreline
* [[Paleoclimatology|Paleoclimate]]
* [http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/bak/chron.htm Chronostratigraphy]
* Chronostratigraphy
===Structural history and style===
===Structural history and style===
* Major faults vs. minor faults
* Major faults vs. minor faults
* Zones of weakness
* Zones of weakness
* Dip domains
* [[Dip]] domains
* Outcrop patterns
* [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop Outcrop] patterns
* Dip and strike trends
* Dip and [[strike]] trends
* Average [[Wikipedia:Fault_(geology)#Slip.2C_heave.2C_throw|throw]] on faults
* [[Fieldwork risk assessment]]
==External links==
==External links==
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Value of geological fieldwork]]
[[Category:Value of geological fieldwork]]
[[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]]