Changes

1,407 bytes added , 17:24, 18 January 2022

no edit summary

Line 13: Line 13:

| isbn = 0891816607

}}

−

The term ''difficult lithologies'', as addressed here, refers to a formation composed of two or more mineralogies. The presence of two or more minerals significantly increases the difficulty of determining both [[porosity]] and lithology from wireline logs. This article reviews some common techniques that can be used to solve for lithology and porosity. It also addresses some commonly encountered lithologies and their characteristics relative to log responses.

+

The term ''difficult lithologies'', as addressed here, refers to a formation composed of two or more [[mineralogy|mineralogies]]. The presence of two or more minerals significantly increases the difficulty of determining both [[porosity]] and lithology from wireline logs. This article reviews some common techniques that can be used to solve for lithology and porosity. It also addresses some commonly encountered lithologies and their characteristics relative to log responses.

==Identifying the occurrence of difficult lithologies==

−

[[file:difficult-lithologies_fig1.png|thumb|{{figure number|1}}M-N crossplot for mineral identification. ~~Copyright:~~ Schlumberger Well Services, 1979.]]

+

[[file:difficult-lithologies_fig1.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|1}}M-N crossplot for mineral identification. © Schlumberger Well Services, 1979.]]

The occurrence of difficult lithologies can be identified from the following sources:

Line 29: Line 29:

* Analysis of log responses

−

The methods to determine the occurrence of difficult lithologies from the first six sources just listed are not covered in this article. (For information on these sources, see “[[Mudlogging: ~~Drill~~ cuttings analysis]]” and “[[Mudlogging: ~~The~~ mudlog]]”; also see “[[Core description]]”.)

+

The methods to determine the occurrence of difficult lithologies from the first six sources just listed are not covered in this article. (For information on these sources, see [[Mudlogging: drill cuttings analysis]] and [[Mudlogging: the mudlog]]; also see [[Core description]].)

Identifying the occurrence of difficult lithologies from logs can be formidable. Two crossplot techniques are commonly used to identify the occurrence of mineralogies: (1) the M-N crossplot and (2) the MID crossplot.

Line 35: Line 35:

===M-N crossplot===

−

The M-N crossplot uses the density, compensated neutron, and compressional sonic logs to identify binary and ternary mixtures of minerals. The terms ''M'' and ''N'' are defined as follows:

+

The M-N crossplot uses the density, [[Basic open hole tools#Compensated neutron|compensated neutron]], and compressional [[Basic open hole tools#Sonic|sonic]] logs to identify binary and ternary mixtures of minerals. The terms ''M'' and ''N'' are defined as follows:

:<math>M = \frac{\Delta t_{\rm fl} - \Delta t_{\rm log}}{\rho_{\rm b} - \rho_{\rm fl}} \times 0.01</math>

Line 44: Line 44:

===MID crossplot===

−

[[file:difficult-lithologies_fig2.png|thumb|{{figure number|2}}UMAA determination chart. © Schlumberger Educational Services, 1989.]]

+

[[file:difficult-lithologies_fig2.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|2}}UMAA determination chart. © Schlumberger Educational Services, 1989.]]

−

The MID or ''m''atrix ''id''entification crossplot uses the apparent volumetric cross section (UMAA) and the apparent matrix grain density (RHOMAA) to identify minerals. UMAA represents the projection of the volumetric photoelectric absorption index, U (the product of Pe and electronic density), to the value at zero porosity. RHOMAA results from a mathematical projection of the bulk density of an interval to its value at zero porosity. These projections to zero porosity effectively eliminate variance due to porosity, resulting in a variance mainly due to lithology.

+

The MID or ''m''atrix ''id''entification crossplot uses the apparent volumetric [[cross section]] (UMAA) and the apparent matrix grain density (RHOMAA) to identify minerals. UMAA represents the projection of the volumetric photoelectric absorption index, U (the product of Pe and electronic density), to the value at zero porosity. RHOMAA results from a mathematical projection of the bulk density of an interval to its value at zero porosity. These projections to zero porosity effectively eliminate variance due to porosity, resulting in a variance mainly due to lithology.

−

This method requires that an estimate of total porosity be determined first. Typically, this can be done from a density-neutron crossplot (see “[[Standard interpretation]]”). Using this porosity, an apparent matrix density is determined from the following equation:

+

This method requires that an estimate of total porosity be determined first. Typically, this can be done from a density-neutron crossplot (see [[Standard interpretation]]). Using this porosity, an apparent matrix density is determined from the following equation:

:<math>\mbox{RHOMAA} = \frac{\rho_{\rm log} - \phi \cdot \rho_{\rm fl}}{1.0 - \phi}</math>

−

[[file:difficult-lithologies_fig3.png|thumb|{{figure number|3}}MID plot for mineral identification. © Schlumberger Educational Services, 1989.]]

+

[[file:difficult-lithologies_fig3.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|3}}MID plot for mineral identification. © Schlumberger Educational Services, 1989.]]

UMAA can be determined from the chart in [[:file:difficult-lithologies_fig2.png|Figure 2]]. Start by marking the Pe value on the photoelectric portion of the horizontal axis (left side), then go vertically to the bulk density value. Next, move horizontally to the apparent total porosity, and then down to the UMAA value.

Line 60: Line 60:

==Techniques for analyzing difficult lithologies==

−

Each logging measurement can be expressed in a response equation that relates the recorded log to the volumetric components of lithology and fluids. (For these response equations expressed in their most basic configuration, see “[[Standard interpretation]]”.) These basic equations can be expanded to include any number of mineralogies and fluids.

+

Each logging measurement can be expressed in a response equation that relates the recorded log to the volumetric components of lithology and fluids. (For these response equations expressed in their most basic configuration, see [[Standard interpretation]].) These basic equations can be expanded to include any number of mineralogies and fluids.

−

All the logging response equations can then be set up for each measurement, such as the density, neutron, and sonic. The unknowns must be less than or equal to the number of equations for a unique solution to be obtained. A paramount fact that must be kept in mind is that the number of variables that are being computed cannot exceed the number of equations. For example, if the density, neutron, and sonic logs are being used, the total number of equations that can be set up is four—one for each of the measured logs and the fourth for the material balance equation (exemplifying that the sum of all constituents equals 100% of the volume of the rock). Thus, in this case, only four variables can be computed. Assumptions and local knowledge can be used to constrain the problem by reducing the amount of unknown knowledge.

+

All the logging response equations can then be set up for each measurement, such as the [[Basic open hole tools#Density|density]], [[Basic open hole tools#Compensated neutron|neutron]], and [[Basic open hole tools#Sonic|sonic]]. The unknowns must be less than or equal to the number of equations for a unique solution to be obtained. A paramount fact that must be kept in mind is that the number of variables that are being computed cannot exceed the number of equations. For example, if the density, neutron, and sonic logs are being used, the total number of equations that can be set up is four—one for each of the measured logs and the fourth for the material balance equation (exemplifying that the sum of all constituents equals 100% of the volume of the rock). Thus, in this case, only four variables can be computed. Assumptions and local knowledge can be used to constrain the problem by reducing the amount of unknown knowledge.

Once these logging relationships are established for the difficult lithology being addressed, a number of methods are available to solve these equations effectively for a solution. The more commonly used methods are

Line 76: Line 76:

====Density-compensated neutron crossplot====

−

This type of crossplot is used for binary mixtures of sandstone and limestone, limestone and dolomite, dolomite and anhydrite, and sandstone and shale.

+

This type of crossplot is used for binary mixtures of [[sandstone]] and [[limestone]], limestone and [[dolomite]], dolomite and [[anhydrite]], and sandstone and shale.

====Sonic-compensated neutron crossplot====

Line 84: Line 84:

====Density-sonic crossplot====

−

Two versions of the density-sonic crossplot also exist, one using the Wyllie time average equation and the other the Raymer-Hunt-Gardner equation for the sonic porosity relationship. These are used typically for binary mixtures of sandstone, limestone, or dolomite with gypsum, trona, salt, or sylvite. This plot is not particularly useful in fractured or vuggy formations nor for sandstone and limestone or limestone-dolomite mixtures.

+

Two versions of the density-sonic crossplot also exist, one using the Wyllie time average equation and the other the Raymer-Hunt-Gardner equation for the sonic porosity relationship. These are used typically for binary mixtures of sandstone, limestone, or dolomite with [[gypsum]], trona, salt, or sylvite. This plot is not particularly useful in fractured or vuggy formations nor for sandstone and limestone or limestone-dolomite mixtures.

====Linear matrix solutions====

Line 101: Line 101:

* Shaly sandstones

−

* Evaporites

+

* [[Evaporites]]

* Carbonates

−

* Metamorphic and igneous ~~rocks~~

+

* Metamorphic and [[igneous rock]]s

* Volcanic and tuffaceous rocks

===Shaly sandstones===

−

The interpretation method best suited for shaly ~~sandstones~~ is dependent upon the distribution of shale, the clay type, the mineralogy of the silt fraction, and the resistivity of water within the sandstones. The classic approach is the sand-silt-shale method introduced by Poupon et. al.<ref name=pt04r10>Poupon, A.~~, Hoyle~~, W. R., Schmidt, A. W., 1971, Log analysis in formations with complex lithologies: Journal of Petroleum Technology.</ref> An approximate correction for a single heavy mineral was provided for in this approach. Silt is considered to be primarily quartz. Volume of clay, volume of silt, and porosity are determined from interpolation of the density-neutron crossplot. Matrix response points are defined for sand and silt, water, and dry clay minerals. A wet clay point is defined on the dry clay minerals-100% water line. A shale point was defined on the quartz-wet clay line. The model can then determine porosity, shale volume, and silt index from interpolation in this framework. Water saturation can be determined using an appropriate shaly sandstone resistivity equation. This method does not adequately address the more complex case of shaly sandstones with variable volumes of feldspar, mica, or carbonate material. This model can be solved using the graphical, linear matrix, or least squares minimization method.

+

The interpretation method best suited for shaly [[sandstone]]s is dependent upon the distribution of shale, the clay type, the mineralogy of the silt fraction, and the resistivity of water within the sandstones. The classic approach is the sand-silt-shale method introduced by Poupon et al.<ref name=pt04r10>Poupon, A., W. R. Hoyle, and A. W. Schmidt, A. W., 1971, [https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPE-2925-PA Log analysis in formations with complex lithologies]: Journal of Petroleum Technology.</ref> An approximate correction for a single heavy mineral was provided for in this approach. Silt is considered to be primarily [[quartz]]. Volume of clay, volume of silt, and porosity are determined from interpolation of the density-neutron crossplot. Matrix response points are defined for sand and silt, water, and dry clay minerals. A wet clay point is defined on the dry clay minerals-100% water line. A shale point was defined on the quartz-wet clay line. The model can then determine porosity, shale volume, and silt index from interpolation in this framework. Water saturation can be determined using an appropriate shaly sandstone resistivity equation. This method does not adequately address the more complex case of shaly sandstones with variable volumes of feldspar, mica, or carbonate material. This model can be solved using the graphical, linear matrix, or least squares minimization method.

−

The solution for the complex case of sandstones with feldspar, mica, and carbonate material was resolved after log analysts became comfortable with the new spectral gamma ray (K, Th, and U) and photoelectric (Pe) measurements. The spectral gamma ray log is helpful in sandstones containing potassium feldspars or thorium-bearing clays. The natural gamma ray spectra, Pe, density, and neutron expanded response equations can be combined to solve for porosity and to estimate volumes of calcite, quartz, dolomite, clay, feldspar, anhydrite, and salt. Once porosity is determined, saturation can be estimated from the appropriate shaly sandstone resistivity equation. This model is too complex to address using graphical methods and must be done using the linear matrix or least squares minimization method.

+

The solution for the complex case of sandstones with feldspar, mica, and carbonate material was resolved after log analysts became comfortable with the new spectral gamma ray (K, Th, and U) and photoelectric (Pe) measurements. The spectral gamma ray log is helpful in sandstones containing potassium feldspars or thorium-bearing clays. The natural gamma ray spectra, Pe, density, and neutron expanded response equations can be combined to solve for porosity and to estimate volumes of calcite, [[quartz]], dolomite, clay, feldspar, anhydrite, and salt. Once porosity is determined, saturation can be estimated from the appropriate shaly sandstone resistivity equation. This model is too complex to address using graphical methods and must be done using the linear matrix or least squares minimization method.

The distribution of shale and the salinity of formation water can significantly affect the resistivity of the formation. A variety of saturation models have been developed over the years to describe the influence of these factors. Some commonly used equations are as follows:

Line 131: Line 131:

}}

−

For a more complete explanation of water saturation equations and their terms, refer to Worthington<ref name=pt04r22>Worthington, P., 1985, The evolution of shaly-sand concepts in reservoir evaluation: The Log Analyst.</ref> or Patchett and Herrick.<ref name=pt04r9>Patchett, J. G., ~~Herrick,~~ D. C., 1982, A review of saturation models: SPWLA Reprint Volume Shaly Sands, SPWLA.</ref> The Simandoux and Indonesia equations were designed mainly for relatively salty formation waters and moderate amounts of dispersed clay. The dual water and Waxman and Smits equations were designed for all water salinities and moderate amounts of dispersed clays.

+

For a more complete explanation of water saturation equations and their terms, refer to Worthington<ref name=pt04r22>Worthington, P., 1985, [https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPWLA-1985-vXXVIn1a2 The evolution of shaly-sand concepts in reservoir evaluation]: The Log Analyst.</ref> or Patchett and Herrick.<ref name=pt04r9>Patchett, J. G., and D. C. Herrick, 1982, A review of saturation models: SPWLA Reprint Volume Shaly Sands, SPWLA.</ref> The Simandoux and Indonesia equations were designed mainly for relatively salty formation waters and moderate amounts of dispersed clay. The dual water and Waxman and Smits equations were designed for all water salinities and moderate amounts of dispersed clays.

Recommended logs to use for interpreting shaly sandstones are

* [[Dual laterolog]] or [[dual induction]]

−

* [[Density]]

+

* [[Density log|Density]]

−

* [[Compensated neutron]]

+

* [[Compensated neutron log|Compensated neutron]]

* [[Spectral gamma ray]]

===Carbonates and evaporites===

−

Carbonates and ~~evaporites~~ can complicate the interpretation process through the occurrence of fractures and vugs. The three primary porosity devices—the density, compensated neutron, and sonic—respond differently to the presence of fractures and vugs. The density investigates one side of the borehole, while the compensated neutron averages the formation properties around the borehole. The sonic generally does not respond to the secondary porosity associated with either fractures or vugs. This unequal response to these properties can lead to significant problems in determining lithology from any of the methods, as they generally presume that all the porosity devices see a common porosity and lithology.

+

Carbonates and [[evaporite]]s can complicate the interpretation process through the occurrence of fractures and vugs. The three primary porosity devices—the density, compensated neutron, and sonic—respond differently to the presence of fractures and vugs. The density investigates one side of the borehole, while the compensated neutron averages the formation properties around the borehole. The sonic generally does not respond to the secondary porosity associated with either fractures or vugs. This unequal response to these properties can lead to significant problems in determining lithology from any of the methods, as they generally presume that all the porosity devices see a common porosity and lithology.

−

Binary mixtures of carbonates or evaporites can be evaluated using graphical crossplot approaches. The density-neutron is generally the most used approach. This method will solve for sandstone-limestone, limestone-dolomite, or dolomite-anhydrite mixtures.

+

Binary mixtures of carbonates or evaporites can be evaluated using graphical crossplot approaches. The density-neutron is generally the most used approach. This method will solve for [[sandstone]]-[[limestone]], limestone-dolomite, or dolomite-anhydrite mixtures.

More complicated mixtures are best handled using the linear matrix or preferably the weighted least squares minimization technique. Additional minerals can be identified by incorporating the photoelectric, spectral gamma ray, and sonic logs. Some log measurements do not provide any relevant information in a given section. If the K, Th, and U values are uniformly low in the evaporite minerals, these logs have no resolving ability and are of little help in determining the rock constituents. If dolomite contains uranium, the uranium log is diagnostic.

Line 164: Line 164:

|+ {{table number|1}}Logging tool responses in sedimentary minerals

|-

−

! Name || Formula ||~~Plog~~

+

! Name || Formula || ρlog g/cc || φsnp p.u. || φcnl p.u. || Δtc μs/ft || Δts μs/ft || Pe barn/elect || U barn/cc || ε farads/m || tp nsec/m || GR APR units || Σ c.u.

|-

−

| ''' SILICATES '''

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' SILICATES '''

|-

−

| Quartz

+

| [[Quartz]] || SiO2 || 2.64 || 1. || 2. || 56.0 || 88.0 || 1.81 || 4.79 || 4.65 || 7.2 || — || 4.26

−

| SiO2

+

|-

−

| 2.64

+

| ''β'' -Cristobalite || SiO2 || 2.15 || 2. || 3. || || || 1.81 || 3.89 || || || — || 3.52

−

| 1.

−

| 2.

−

| 56.0

−

| 88.0

−

| 1.81

−

| 4.79

−

| 4.65

−

| 7.2

−

| —

−

| 4.26

|-

−

| ~~''β'' -Cristobalite~~

+

| Opal (3.5% H2 O) || SiO2 (H2 O)1209 || 2.13 || 4. || 2. || 58. || || 1.75 || 3.72 || || || — || 5.03

−

| SiO2

−

| 2.15

−

| 2.

−

| 3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 1.81

−

| 3.89

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 3.52

|-

−

| ~~Opal (3.5% H~~2 O)

+

| Garnet || Fe3 AI2 (SiO4 )3 || 4.31 || 3. || 7. || || || 11.09 || 47.80 || || || — || 44.91

−

~~| SiO~~2 (H2 O)~~1209~~

−

| ~~2.13~~

−

| 4.

−

| 2.

−

| 58.

−

|

−

| 1.75

−

| 3.72

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 5.03

|-

−

| ~~Garnet~~

+

| Hornblende || Ca2 NaMg2 Fe2 AISi8 O22 (O,OH)2 || 3.20 || 4. || 8. || 43.8 || 81.5 || 5.99 || 19.17 || || || — || 18.12

−

| Fe3 AI2 ~~(SiO~~4 )3

−

| 4.31

−

| 3.

−

| 7.

−

|

−

|

−

| 11.09

−

| 47.80

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 44.91

|-

−

| ~~Hornblende~~

+

| Tourmaline || NaMg3 AI6 B3 Si6 O2 (OH)4 || 3.02 || 16. || 22. || || || 2.14 || 6.46 || || || — || 7449.82

−

| Ca2 ~~NaMg~~2 Fe2 ~~AISi~~8 O22 (O,OH)2

−

| 3.20

−

| 4.

−

| 8.

−

| 43.8

−

| 81.5

−

| ~~5.99~~

−

| ~~19.17~~

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 18.12

|-

−

| ~~Tourmaline~~

+

| Zircon || ZrSiO4 || 4.50 || –1. || 3. || || || 69.10 || 311. || || || — || 692

−

| ~~NaMg3 AI6 B3 Si6 O2 (OH)~~4

−

| 3.02

−

| 16.

−

| 22.

−

|

−

|

−

| 2.14

−

| 6.46

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| ~~7449.82~~

|-

−

| ~~Zircon~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' CARBONATES '''

−

| ~~ZrSiO4~~

−

~~| 4.50~~

−

~~| –1.~~

−

~~| 3.~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 69.10~~

−

~~| 311.~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| —~~

−

~~| 692~~

|-

−

| ~~''' CARBONATES '''~~

+

| Calcite || CaCO3 || 2.71 || 0 || –1. || 49.0 || 88.4 || 5.08 || 13.77 || 7.5 || 9.1 || — || 7.08

|-

−

| ~~Calcite~~

+

| [[Dolomite]] || CaCO3 MgCO3 || 2.85 || 2. || 1. || 44.0 || 72. || 3.14 || 9.00 || 6.8 || 8.7 || — || 4.70

−

| CaCO3

−

| 2.71

−

| 0

−

| –1.

−

| 49.0

−

| 88.4

−

| 5.08

−

| 13.77

−

| 7.5

−

| 9.1

−

| —

−

| 7.08

|-

−

| ~~Dolomite~~

+

| Ankerite || Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3 )2 || 2.86 || 0 || 1. || || || 9.32 || 26.65 || || || — || 22.18

−

| ~~CaCO~~3 ~~MgCO~~3

−

| 2.85

−

| 2.

−

| 1.

−

| ~~44.0~~

−

| ~~72.~~

−

| ~~3.14~~

−

| 9.00

−

| 6.8

−

| ~~8.7~~

−

| —

−

| 4.70

|-

−

| ~~Ankerite~~

+

| Siderite || FeCO3 || 3.89 || 5. || 12. || 47 || || 14.69 || 57.14 || 6.8 – 7.5 || 88 91 || — || 52.31

−

| ~~Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO~~3 ~~)2~~

−

| 2.86

−

| 0

−

| 1.

−

|

−

|

−

| 9.32

−

| 26.65

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 22.18

|-

−

| ~~Siderite~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' OXIDATES '''

−

| ~~FeCO3~~

−

~~| 3.89~~

−

~~| 5.~~

−

~~| 12.~~

−

~~| 47~~

−

|

−

~~| 14.69~~

−

~~| 57.14~~

−

~~| 6.8 – 7.5~~

−

~~| 88 91~~

−

~~| —~~

−

~~| 52.31~~

|-

−

| ~~''' OXIDATES '''~~

+

| Hematite || Fe2 O3 || 5.18 || 4. || 11. || 42.9 || 79.3 || 21.48 || 111.27 || || || — || 101.37

|-

−

| ~~Hematite~~

+

| Magnetite || Fe3 O4 || 5.08 || 3. || 9. || 73. || || 22.24 || 112.98 || || || — || 103 08

−

| Fe2 O3

−

| 5.18

−

| 4.

−

| 11.

−

| 42.9

−

| 79.3

−

| 21.48

−

| ~~111.27~~

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| ~~101.37~~

|-

−

| ~~Magnetite~~

+

| Geothite || FeO(OH) || 4.34 || 50 + || 60 + || || || 19.02 || 82.55 || || || — || 85 37

−

| ~~Fe3 O~~4~~~~

−

| ~~5.08~~

−

| 3.

−

| 9.

−

| 73.

−

|

−

| ~~22.24~~

−

| ~~112.98~~

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| ~~103 08~~

|-

−

| ~~Geothite~~

+

| Limonite || FeO(OH)(H2 O)2 05 || 3.59 || 50 + || 60 + || 56.9 || 102.6 || 13.00 || 46.67 || 9.9–10.9 || 10.5–11.0 || — || 71.12

−

| FeO(OH)

−

| 4.34

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

|

−

|

−

| 19.02

−

| 82.55

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| ~~85 37~~

|-

−

| ~~Limonite~~

+

| Gibbsite || AI(OH)3 || 2.49 || 50 + || 60 + || || || 1.10 || || || || — || 23.11

−

| ~~FeO~~(OH)(H2 ~~O)~~2 ~~05~~

−

| ~~3.59~~

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

| 56.9

−

| ~~102.6~~

−

| ~~13.00~~

−

| ~~46.67~~

−

| ~~9.9–10.9~~

−

| ~~10.5–11.0~~

−

| —

−

| 71.12

|-

−

| ~~Gibbsite~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' PHOSPHATES '''

−

| ~~AI(OH)3~~

−

~~| 2.49~~

−

~~| 50 +~~

−

~~| 60 +~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 1.10~~

−

|

−

|

−

|

−

~~| —~~

−

~~| 23.11~~

|-

−

| ~~''' PHOSPHATES '''~~

+

| Hydroxyapatite || Ca5 (PO4 )3 OH || 3.17 || 5. || 8. || 42. || || 5.81 || 18.4 || || || — || 9.60

|-

−

| ~~Hydroxyapatite~~

+

| Chlorapatite || Ca5 (PO4 )3 CI || 3.18 || 1. || 1. || 42. || || 606 || 19.27 || || || — || 130.21

−

| Ca5 (PO4 )3 OH

−

| 3.17

−

| 5.

−

| 8.

−

| 42.

−

|

−

| 5.81

−

| ~~18.4~~

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 9.60

|-

−

| ~~Chlorapatite~~

+

| Fluorapatite || Ca5 (PO4 )3 F || 3.21 || 1. || 2. || 42. || || 5.82 || 18.68 || || || — || 8.48

−

| Ca5 (PO4 )3 CI

−

| 3.18

−

| 1.

−

| 1.

−

| 42.

−

|

−

| ~~606~~

−

| 19.27

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| ~~130~~.21

|-

−

| ~~Fluorapatite~~

+

| Carbonapatite || (Ca5 (PO4 )3 )2 CO3 H2 O || 3.13 || 5. || 8. || || || 5.58 || 17.47 || || || — || 9.09

−

| Ca5 (PO4 )3 F

−

| 3.21

−

| 1.

−

| 2.

−

| ~~42.~~

−

|

−

| 5.82

−

| 18.68

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 8.48

|-

−

| ~~Carbonapatite~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' FELDSPARS-Alkali '''

−

~~| (Ca5 (PO4 )3 )2 CO3 H2 O~~

−

~~| 3.~~13

−

~~| 5.~~

−

~~| 8.~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 5.58~~

−

~~| 17.47~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| —~~

−

| ~~9.09~~

|-

−

| ~~''' FELDSPARS-Alkali '''~~

+

| Orthoclase || KAISi3 O8 || 2.52 || 2. || 3. || 69. || || 2.86 || 7.21 || 4.4–6.0 || 7.0–8.2 || ~220 || 15.51

|-

−

| ~~Orthoclase~~

+

| Anorlhoclase || KAISi3 O8 || 2.59 || 2. || 2. || || || 286 || 7.41 || 4.4–6.0 || 7.0–8.2 || ~220 || 15.91

−

| KAISi3 O8

−

| 2.52

−

| 2.

−

| 3.

−

| ~~69.~~

−

|

−

| ~~2.86~~

−

| 7.21

−

| 4.4–6.0

−

| 7.0–8.2

−

| ~220

−

| 15.51

|-

−

| ~~Anorlhoclase~~

+

| Microciine || KAISi3 O8 || 2.53 || –2. || –3. || || || 2.86 || 7.24 || 4.4–6.0 || 7.0–8.2 || ~220 || 15.58

−

| KAISi3 O8

−

| 2.59

−

| 2.

−

| 2.

−

|

−

|

−

| ~~286~~

−

| 7.41

−

| 4.4–6.0

−

| 7.0–8.2

−

| ~220

−

| 15.91

|-

−

| ~~Microciine~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' FELDSPARS-Plagioclase '''

−

| ~~KAISi3 O8~~

−

~~| 2.53~~

−

~~| –2.~~

−

~~| –3.~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 2.86~~

−

~~| 7.24~~

−

~~| 4.4–6.0~~

−

~~| 7.0–8.2~~

−

~~| ~220~~

−

~~| 15.58~~

|-

−

| ~~''' FELDSPARS-Plagioclase '''~~

+

| Albite || NaAISi3 O8 || 2.59 || – 1. || –2. || 49. || 85. || 1.68 || 4.35 || 4.4–6.0 || 7.0–8.2 || — || 7.47

|-

−

| ~~Albite~~

+

| Anorthite || CaAl2 Si2 O8 || 2.74 || –1. || 2. || 45. || || 3.13 || 8.58 || 4.4–6.0 || 7.0–8.2 || — || 7.24

−

| ~~NaAISi~~3 O8

−

| 2.59

−

| ~~– 1~~.

−

| –2.

−

| 49.

−

| 85.

−

| 1.68

−

| ~~4.35~~

−

| 4.4–6.0

−

| 7.0–8.2

−

| —

−

| 7.47

|-

−

| ~~Anorthite~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' MICAS '''

−

~~| CaAl2 Si2 O8~~

−

~~| 2.74~~

−

~~| –1.~~

−

~~| 2.~~

−

~~| 45.~~

−

|

−

~~| 3.~~13

−

~~| 8.58~~

−

~~| 4.4–6.0~~

−

~~| 7.0–8.2~~

−

~~| —~~

−

| ~~7.24~~

|-

−

| ~~''' MICAS '''~~

+

| Muscovite || KAl2 (Si3 AIO10 )(OH)2 || 2.82 || 12. || 20. || 49. || 149. || 2.40 || 6.74 || 6.2–7.9 || 8.3–9.4 || ~270 || 16.85

|-

−

| ~~Muscovite~~

+

| Glauconite || K2 (Mg,Fe)2 Al6 (Si4O10)3(OH)2 || ~2.54 || ~23. || ~38. || || || 6.37 || 16.24 || || || || 24.79

−

| ~~KAl~~2 (Si3 ~~AIO~~10 )(OH)2

−

| 2.82

−

| 12.

−

| 20.

−

| ~~49.~~

−

| ~~149.~~

−

| ~~2.40~~

−

| 6.74

−

| 6.~~2–7.9~~

−

| ~~8.3–9.4~~

−

| ~~~270~~

−

| 16.85

|-

−

| ~~Glauconite~~

+

| Biotite || K(Mg,Fe)3 (AISi3 O10 (OH)2 || ~2.99 || ~11. || ~21. || 50.8 || 224. || 6.27 || 18.75 || 4.8–6.0 || 7.2–8.1 || ~275 || 29.83

−

| K2 (~~Mg,Fe)~~2 Al6 (Si4 ~~O10oljOT;~~

−

| ~2.54

−

| ~23.

−

| ~38.

−

|

−

|

−

| 6.37

−

| 16.24

−

|

−

|

−

|

−

| 24.79

|-

−

| ~~Biotite~~

+

| Phlogopite || KMg3 (AISi3 O10 (OH)2 || || || || 50. || 207. || || || || || || 33.3

−

| ~~K(Mg,Fe)~~3 (AISi3 O10 (OH)2

−

| ~~~2.99~~

−

| ~~~11.~~

−

| ~~~21.~~

−

| 50.8

−

| ~~224~~.

−

| ~~6.27~~

−

| ~~18.75~~

−

| ~~4.8–6.0~~

−

| ~~7.2–8.1~~

−

| ~~~275~~

−

| 29.83

|-

−

| ~~Phlogopite~~

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' CLAYS '''

−

| ~~KMg3 (AISi3 O10 (OH)2~~

−

|

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 50.~~

−

~~| 207.~~

−

|

−

|

−

|

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 33.3~~

|-

−

| ~~''' CLAYS '''~~

+

| Kaolinite || AI4 Si4 O10 (OH)8 || 2.41 || 34. || 37. || || || 1.83 || 4.44 || ~5.8 || ~8.0 || 80–130 || 14.12

|-

−

| ~~Kaolinite~~

+

| Chlorite || (Mg,Fe,AI)6 (Si,AI)4 O10 (OH)8 || 2.76 || 37. || 52. || || || 6.30 || 17.38 || ~5.8 || ~8.0 || 180–250 || 24.87

−

| AI4 Si4 O10 (OH)8

−

| 2.41

−

| 34.

−

| 37.

−

|

−

|

−

| 1.83

−

| 4.44

−

| ~5.8

−

| ~8.0

−

| ~~80–130~~

−

| 14.12

|-

−

| ~~Chlorite~~

+

| llite || K1.15 Al4 (Si76.5 AI11.5 )O20 (OH)4 || 2.52 || 20. || 30. || || || 3.45 || 8.73 || ~5.8 || ~8.0 || 250–300 || 17.58

−

| ~~(Mg,Fe,AI)6 (Si,AI)4 O10 (OH)8~~

−

~~| 2.76~~

−

~~| 37.~~

−

~~| 52.~~

−

|

−

|

−

~~| 6.30~~

−

~~| 17.38~~

−

~~| ~5.8~~

−

~~| ~8.0~~

−

~~| 180–250~~

−

~~| 24.87~~

−

|-

−

~~| llite~~

−

| K1.15 Al4 (Si76.5 AI11.5 )O20 (OH)4

−

| 2.52

−

| 20.

−

| 30.

−

|

−

|

−

| 3.45

−

| 8.73

−

| ~5.8

−

| ~8.0

−

| 250–300

−

| 17.58

|-

−

| Montmorillonite

+

| Montmorillonite || (Ca,Na),(AI,Mg,Fe)4 (Si, AI)8 O20 (OH)4 (H2 O)''n'' || 2.12 || 40. || 44. || || || 2.04 || 4.04 || ~5.8 || ~8.0 || 150–200 || 14.12

−

| (Ca,Na),(AI,Mg,Fe)4 (Si, AI)8 O20 (OH)4 (H2 O)''n''

−

| 2.12

−

| 40.

−

| 44.

−

|

−

|

−

| 2.04

−

| 4.04

−

| ~5.8

−

| ~8.0

−

| 150–200

−

| 14.12

|-

−

| ''' EVAPORITES '''

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' [[Evaporite|EVAPORITES]] '''

|-

−

| Halite

+

| [[Halite]] || NaCI || 2.04 || –2. || –3. || 67.0 || 120. || 4.65 || 9.45 || 5.6 – 6.3 || 7.9–8.4 || — || 754.2

−

| NaCI

−

| 2.04

−

| –2.

−

| –3.

−

| 67.0

−

| 120.

−

| 4.65

−

| 9.45

−

| 5.6 – 6.3

−

| 7.9–8.4

−

| —

−

| 754.2

|-

−

| Anhydrite

+

| [[Anhydrite]] || CaSO4 || 2.98 || 1. || 2. || 50. || || 5.05 || 14.93 || 6.3 || 8.4 || — || 12.45

−

| CaSO4

−

| 2.98

−

| 1.

−

| 2.

−

| 50.

−

|

−

| 5.05

−

| 14.93

−

| 6.3

−

| 8.4

−

| —

−

| 12.45

|-

−

| Gypsum

+

| [[Gypsum]] || CaSO4 (H2 O)2 || 2.35 || 50 + || 60 + || 52. || || 3.99 || 9.37 || 4.1 || 6.8 || — || 18.5

−

| CaSO4 (H2 O)2

−

| 2.35

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

| 52.

−

|

−

| 3.99

−

| 9.37

−

| 4.1

−

| 6.8

−

| —

−

| 18.5

|-

−

| Trona

+

| Trona || Na2 CO4 NaHCO3 H2 O || 2.08 || 24. || 35. || 65. || || 0.71 || 1.48 || || || — || 15.92

−

| Na2 CO4 NaHCO3 H2 O

−

| 2.08

−

| 24.

−

| 35.

−

| 65.

−

|

−

| 0.71

−

| 1.48

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 15.92

|-

−

| Tachydrite

+

| Tachydrite || CaCl2 (MgCI2 )2 (H2 O)t2 || 1.66 || 50 + || 60 + || 92. || || 3.84 || 6.37 || || || — || 406.02

−

| CaCl2 (MgCI2 )2 (H2 O)t2

−

| 1.66

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

| 92.

−

|

−

| 3.84

−

| 6.37

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 406.02

|-

−

| Sylvite

+

| Sylvite || KCI || 1.86 || –2. || 3. || || || 8.51 || 15.83 || 4.6–4.8 || 7.2–7.3 || 500 + || 564.57

−

| KCI

−

| 1.86

−

| –2.

−

| 3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 8.51

−

| 15.83

−

| 4.6–4.8

−

| 7.2–7.3

−

| 500 +

−

| 564.57

|-

−

| Carnalite

+

| Carnalite || KCIMgCI2 (H2 O)6 || 1.57 || 41. || 60 + || || || 4.09 || 6.42 || || || ~220 || 368.99

−

| KCIMgCI2 (H2 O)6

−

| 1.57

−

| 41.

−

| 60 +

−

|

−

|

−

| 4.09

−

| 6.42

−

|

−

|

−

| ~220

−

| 368.99

|-

−

| Langbenite

+

| Langbenite || K2 SO4 (MgSO4 )2 || 2.82 || 1. || 2. || || || 3.56 || 10.04 || || || ~290 || 24.19

−

| K2 SO4 (MgSO4 )2

−

| 2.82

−

| 1.

−

| 2.

−

|

−

|

−

| 3.56

−

| 10.04

−

|

−

|

−

| ~290

−

| 24.19

|-

−

| Polyhalite

+

| Polyhalite || K2 SO4 MgSO4 (CaS04 )2 (H2 O)2 || 2.79 || 14. || 25. || || || 4.32 || 12.05 || || || ~200 || 23.70

−

| K2 SO4 MgSO4 (CaS04 )2 (H2 O)2

−

| 2.79

−

| 14.

−

| 25.

−

|

−

|

−

| 4.32

−

| 12.05

−

|

−

|

−

| ~200

−

| 23.70

|-

−

| Kainite

+

| Kainite || MgSO4 KCI(H2 O)4 || 2.12 || 40. || 60 + || || || 3.50 || 7.42 || || || ~245 || 195.14

−

| MgSO4 KCI(H2 O)4

−

| 2.12

−

| 40.

−

| 60 +

−

|

−

|

−

| 3.50

−

| 7.42

−

|

−

|

−

| ~245

−

| 195.14

|-

−

| Kieserite

+

| Kieserite || MgSO4 H2 O || 2.59 || 38 || 43. || || || 1.83 || 4.74 || || || — || 13.96

−

| MgSO4 H2 O

−

| 2.59

−

| 38

−

| 43.

−

|

−

|

−

| 1.83

−

| 4.74

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 13.96

|-

−

| Epsomite

+

| Epsomite || MgSO4 (H2 O)2 || 1.71 || 50 + || 60 + || || || 1.15 || 1.97 || || || — || 21.48

−

| MgSO4 (H2 O)2

−

| 1.71

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

|

−

|

−

| 1.15

−

| 1.97

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 21.48

|-

−

| Bischofite

+

| Bischofite || MgC12 (H2 O)6 || 1.54 || 50 + || 60 + || 100. || || 2.59 || 3.99 || || || — || 323.44

−

| MgC12 (H2 O)6

−

| 1.54

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

| 100.

−

|

−

| 2.59

−

| 3.99

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 323.44

|-

−

| Barite

+

| Barite || BaSO4 || 4.09 || –1. || 2. || || || 266 82 || 1091. || || || — || 6.77

−

| BaSO4

−

| 4.09

−

| –1.

−

| 2.

−

|

−

|

−

| 266 82

−

| 1091.

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 6.77

|-

−

| Celestite

+

| Celestite || SrSO4 || 3.79 || –1. || –1. || || || 55.19 || 209. || || || — || 7.90

−

| SrSO4

−

| 3.79

−

| –1.

−

| –1.

−

|

−

|

−

| 55.19

−

| 209.

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 7.90

|-

−

| ''' SULFIDES '''

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' SULFIDES '''

|-

−

| Pyrite

+

| Pyrite || FeS2 || 4.99 || –2. || 3. || 39.2 || 62.1 || 16.97 || 84.68 || || || — || 9010

−

| FeS2

−

| 4.99

−

| –2.

−

| 3.

−

| 39.2

−

| 62.1

−

| 16.97

−

| 84.68

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 9010

|-

−

| Marcasite

+

| Marcasite || FeS2 || 4.87 || –2 || 3. || || || 16.97 || 82.64 || || || — || 88.12

−

| FeS2

−

| 4.87

−

| –2

−

| 3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 16.97

−

| 82.64

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 88.12

|-

−

| Pyrrhotite

+

| Pyrrhotite || Fe7 SB || 4.53 || 2. || –3. || || || 20.55 || 93.09 || || || — || 94.18

−

| Fe7 SB

−

| 4.53

−

| 2.

−

| –3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 20.55

−

| 93.09

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 94.18

|-

−

| Sphalerite

+

| Sphalerite || ZnS || 3.85 || 3. || 3. || || || 35.93 || 138.33 || 7.8–8.1 || 9.3–9.5 || — || 25.34

−

| ZnS

−

| 3.85

−

| 3.

−

| 3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 35.93

−

| 138.33

−

| 7.8–8.1

−

| 9.3–9.5

−

| —

−

| 25.34

|-

−

| Chalopyrite

+

| Chalopyrite || CuFeS2 || 4.07 || 2. || 3. || || || 26.72 || 108.75 || || || — || 102.13

−

| CuFeS2

−

| 4.07

−

| 2.

−

| 3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 26.72

−

| 108.75

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 102.13

|-

−

| Galena

+

| Galena || PbS || 6.39 || 3. || 3. || || || 1631.37 || 10424. || || || — || 13.36

−

| PbS

−

| 6.39

−

| 3.

−

| 3.

−

|

−

|

−

| 1631.37

−

| 10424.

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 13.36

|-

−

| Sulfur

+

| Sulfur || S || 2.02 || 2. || –3. || 122. || || 5.43 || 10.97 || || || — || 20.22

−

| S

−

| 2.02

−

| 2.

−

| –3.

−

| 122.

−

|

−

| 5.43

−

| 10.97

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 20.22

|-

−

| ''' COALS '''

+

| colspan = 13 | ''' COALS '''

|-

−

| Anthracite

+

| Anthracite || CH358 N009 KO022 || 1.47 || 37. || 38. || 105. || || 0.16 || 0.23 || || || — || 8.65

−

| CH358 N009 KO022

−

| 1.47

−

| 37.

−

| 38.

−

| 105.

−

|

−

| 0.16

−

| 0.23

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 8.65

|-

−

| Bituminous

+

| Bituminous || CH793 N015 O078 || 1.24 || 50 + || 60 + || 120. || || 0.17 || 0.21 || || || — || 14.30

−

| CH793 N015 O078

−

| 1.24

−

| 50 +

−

| 60 +

−

| 120.

−

|

−

| 0.17

−

| 0.21

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 14.30

|-

−

| Lignite

+

| Lignite || CH849 N015 O211 || 1.19 || 47. || 52. || 160. || || 0.20 || 0.24 || || || — || 12.79

−

| CH849 N015 O211

−

| 1.19

−

| 47.

−

| 52.

−

| 160.

−

|

−

| 0.20

−

| 0.24

−

|

−

|

−

| —

−

| 12.79

|}

Line 1,171: Line 318:

* [[Basic open hole tools]]

* [[Basic tool table]]

−

* [[Introduction to wireline methods]]

* [[Determination of water resistivity]]

* [[Preprocessing of logging data]]

Line 1,188: Line 334:

* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=612 Find the book in the AAPG Store]

−

[[Category:Wireline methods]] [[Category:Pages with badly formatted tables]]

+

[[Category:Wireline methods]] [[Category:Pages with badly formatted tables]] [[Category:Methods in Exploration 10]]

Cwhitehurst

Bureaucrats, Interface administrators, Administrators

10,323

edits

Changes

Log analysis: lithology (view source)

Revision as of 17:24, 18 January 2022

Navigation menu

Search