Changes

Determining the connectivity of the sand bodies in a meander belt system is critical to evaluating the commerciality of types of reservoirs. Individual point bars are relatively small reservoir bodies likely to contain only a few million barrels of recoverable oil at best. They may be successfully drilled onshore where wells are relatively cheap, but they are less likely to make much profit as a primary target offshore. However, if several of these sand bodies overlap with each other, then they can combine to form a larger connected sand volume.

Determining the connectivity of the sand bodies in a meander belt system is critical to evaluating the commerciality of types of reservoirs. Individual point bars are relatively small reservoir bodies likely to contain only a few million barrels of recoverable oil at best. They may be successfully drilled onshore where wells are relatively cheap, but they are less likely to make much profit as a primary target offshore. However, if several of these sand bodies overlap with each other, then they can combine to form a larger connected sand volume.

[[file:M91FG179.JPG|thumb|300px|{{figure number|8}}Net sand isochore map of the Q reservoir in the Little Creek field in Mississippi. The reservoir comprises three connected point bar sandstones in a background of floodplain [[mudstones]] and siltstones. Just to the north is the Sweetwater field, which produces from a depositionally isolated point bar in the same meander belt system (from Werren et al., 1990). Reprinted with permission from, and © by, Springer Ltd.]]

[[file:M91FG179.JPG|thumb|300px|{{figure number|8}}Net sand isochore map of the Q reservoir in the Little Creek field in Mississippi. The reservoir comprises three connected point bar sandstones in a background of floodplain mudstones and siltstones. Just to the north is the Sweetwater field, which produces from a depositionally isolated point bar in the same meander belt system (from Werren et al., 1990). Reprinted with permission from, and © by, Springer Ltd.]]

Technical papers indicate that connectivity in meander belt sediments can be highly variable and prone to chance factors. An example of this is the Little Creek field in Mississippi.<ref name=Werrenetal_1990 /> The lower reservoir unit comprises three connected point bar sandstones ([[:file:M91FG179.JPG|Figure 8]]). The Sweetwater field immediately to the north is believed to form part of the same fluvial system and produces from a fourth point bar sand body along the same trend. Nevertheless, the Sweetwater field is isolated from the Little Creek field on the evidence of a 24-m (79-ft) higher oil-water contact. The two fields are thought to be separated by a shale plug or an area with relatively high capillary [[displacement pressure]]. A similar observation was made by Carter<ref name=Carter_2003 /> for a meander belt reservoir in the Widuri field in the Java Sea. Following the depletion of a well on the updip side of a 100-m (328-ft)-wide abandoned channel, a second well was drilled on the opposite site of the clay plug. A full oil column was found in the new well, unaffected by production from the previous well. In the Saddle Lake area of Alberta, Canada, oil and gas pools are restricted to point bars completely surrounded by clay plugs.<ref name=Edieandandrichuk_2003>Edie, R. W., and J. M. Andrichuk, 2003, [http://bcpg.geoscienceworld.org/content/51/3/253.short Meander belt entrapment of hydrocarbons at Saddle Lake, Alberta and an untested in situ combustion scheme for recovery of heavy oil]: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 253–274.</ref>

Technical papers indicate that connectivity in meander belt sediments can be highly variable and prone to chance factors. An example of this is the Little Creek field in Mississippi.<ref name=Werrenetal_1990 /> The lower reservoir unit comprises three connected point bar sandstones ([[:file:M91FG179.JPG|Figure 8]]). The Sweetwater field immediately to the north is believed to form part of the same fluvial system and produces from a fourth point bar sand body along the same trend. Nevertheless, the Sweetwater field is isolated from the Little Creek field on the evidence of a 24-m (79-ft) higher oil-water contact. The two fields are thought to be separated by a shale plug or an area with relatively high capillary [[displacement pressure]]. A similar observation was made by Carter<ref name=Carter_2003 /> for a meander belt reservoir in the Widuri field in the Java Sea. Following the depletion of a well on the updip side of a 100-m (328-ft)-wide abandoned channel, a second well was drilled on the opposite site of the clay plug. A full oil column was found in the new well, unaffected by production from the previous well. In the Saddle Lake area of Alberta, Canada, oil and gas pools are restricted to point bars completely surrounded by clay plugs.<ref name=Edieandandrichuk_2003>Edie, R. W., and J. M. Andrichuk, 2003, [http://bcpg.geoscienceworld.org/content/51/3/253.short Meander belt entrapment of hydrocarbons at Saddle Lake, Alberta and an untested in situ combustion scheme for recovery of heavy oil]: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 253–274.</ref>

Nevertheless, it probably does not take much for the connectivity between the various sand bodies in a meander belt to be disrupted. The connections between the various macroforms are likely to be through apertures of limited cross-sectional area such as erosional windows, crossovers, and crevasse splay-point bar intersections. Carbonate cementation of the basal lag by circulating groundwater can create permeability barriers at the base of individual point bars. Precipitation of carbonate cement may be accentuated where calcrete fragments form part of the basal lag.<ref name=Mckieandaudretsch_2005>Mckie, T., and P. Audretsch, 2005, Depositional and structural controls on Triassic reservoir performance in the Heron cluster, ETAP, central North Sea, in A. G. Dore and B. A. Vining, eds., Petroleum geology: Northwest Europe and global perspectives: Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Geological Society (London), p. 285–297.</ref>

Nevertheless, it probably does not take much for the connectivity between the various sand bodies in a meander belt to be disrupted. The connections between the various macroforms are likely to be through apertures of limited cross-sectional area such as erosional windows, crossovers, and crevasse splay-point bar intersections. Carbonate cementation of the basal lag by circulating groundwater can create permeability barriers at the base of individual point bars. Precipitation of carbonate cement may be accentuated where calcrete fragments form part of the basal lag.<ref name=Mckieandaudretsch_2005>Mckie, T., and P. Audretsch, 2005, Depositional and structural controls on Triassic reservoir performance in the Heron cluster, ETAP, central North Sea, in A. G. Dore and B. A. Vining, eds., Petroleum geology: Northwest Europe and global perspectives: Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Geological Society (London), p. 285–297.</ref>

Abundant mud chips caked along the base of point bars have the potential to attenuate communication. For example, Chapin and Mayer<ref name=Chapinandmayer_1991 /> found that the vertical connectivity between stacked point bars was severely impeded by mudstone-rich lags at the base of individual point bars in the reservoir of the Peoria field in Colorado. Doyle and Sweet<ref name=Doyleandsweet_1995> Doyle, J. D., and M. L. Sweet, 1995, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1994-96/data/pg/0079/0001/0050/0070.htm Three-dimensional distribution of lithofacies, bounding surfaces, porosity, and permeability in a fluvial sandstone—Gypsy Sandstone of northern Oklahoma]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 79, no. 1, p. 70–95.</ref> found that mudclast lags at the base of point bar sandstones have a patchy distribution in the Gypsy Sandstone of Northern Oklahoma. They consider them more likely to form baffles to flow instead of continuous barriers. Shanley<ref name=Shanley_2004 /> noted that where basal lags contain abundant mudclasts, they can be mistaken for shales on the gamma-ray log. Caution should be taken where a shale-like wireline log response is seen within thick multistory fluvial sandstones.

Abundant mud chips caked along the base of point bars have the potential to attenuate communication. For example, Chapin and Mayer<ref name=Chapinandmayer_1991 /> found that the vertical connectivity between stacked point bars was severely impeded by [[mudstone]]-rich lags at the base of individual point bars in the reservoir of the Peoria field in Colorado. Doyle and Sweet<ref name=Doyleandsweet_1995> Doyle, J. D., and M. L. Sweet, 1995, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1994-96/data/pg/0079/0001/0050/0070.htm Three-dimensional distribution of lithofacies, bounding surfaces, porosity, and permeability in a fluvial sandstone—Gypsy Sandstone of northern Oklahoma]: AAPG Bulletin, v. 79, no. 1, p. 70–95.</ref> found that mudclast lags at the base of point bar sandstones have a patchy distribution in the Gypsy Sandstone of Northern Oklahoma. They consider them more likely to form baffles to flow instead of continuous barriers. Shanley<ref name=Shanley_2004 /> noted that where basal lags contain abundant mudclasts, they can be mistaken for shales on the gamma-ray log. Caution should be taken where a shale-like wireline log response is seen within thick multistory fluvial sandstones.

[[Coal]]s commonly act as significant flow barriers where they occur in more humid fluvial systems. The precursor [[peat]] deposits to coal occur as thick mats of flexible and intertwined plant material and these can withstand strong erosive forces to stay substantially intact.

[[Coal]]s commonly act as significant flow barriers where they occur in more humid fluvial systems. The precursor [[peat]] deposits to coal occur as thick mats of flexible and intertwined plant material and these can withstand strong erosive forces to stay substantially intact.