Changes

In CL, electrons from a cold cathode discharge tube strike a rock surface in a vacuum chamber ([[:file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig4.png|Figure 4]]). In a strong vacuum, energy imparted to electrons in activator ions within the grain causes luminescence. The principle activator ions are manganese and lead.<ref name=pt05r107>Machel, H-G., 1985, Cathodoluminescence in calcite and dolomite and its chemical interpretation: Geoscience Canada, v. 12, p. 139–147.</ref> Concentrations need be in the 100 ppm range to affect the grain. Other rare earth elements such as dysprosium are also activators. Ferric iron (+3) is the most common quenching ion. The emitted color, when observed, shows the zonations in activator ion concentrations related to the type of crystallization or thermal histories of the host minerals ([[:file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig5.png|Figure 5]]). Lattice defect structures in quartz are also thought to cause some CL in quartz.

In CL, electrons from a cold cathode discharge tube strike a rock surface in a vacuum chamber ([[:file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig4.png|Figure 4]]). In a strong vacuum, energy imparted to electrons in activator ions within the grain causes luminescence. The principle activator ions are manganese and lead.<ref name=pt05r107>Machel, H-G., 1985, Cathodoluminescence in calcite and dolomite and its chemical interpretation: Geoscience Canada, v. 12, p. 139–147.</ref> Concentrations need be in the 100 ppm range to affect the grain. Other rare earth elements such as dysprosium are also activators. Ferric iron (+3) is the most common quenching ion. The emitted color, when observed, shows the zonations in activator ion concentrations related to the type of crystallization or thermal histories of the host minerals ([[:file:sem-xrd-cl-and-xf-methods_fig5.png|Figure 5]]). Lattice defect structures in quartz are also thought to cause some CL in quartz.

The most frequent application of CL is in carbonate diagenesis (e.g., <ref name=pt05r107 /><ref name=pt05r120>Myers, W. J., 1978, Carbonate cements—their regional distribution and interpretation in Mississippian limestones of southwestern New Mexico: Sedimentology, v. 25, p. 371–399., 10., 1111/sed., 1978., 25., issue-3</ref>). As has been shown by Sippel,<ref name=pt05r147>Sippel, R. T., 1968, Sandstone petrology, evidence from luminescence petrography: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 38, p. 530–554., 10., 1306/74D719DD-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D</ref> it is also useful in determining paragenesis of siliciclastic rocks. It is particularly useful in interpreting original composition and texture in recrystallized or dolomitized strata.

The most frequent application of CL is in carbonate diagenesis (e.g., <ref name=pt05r107 /><ref name=pt05r120>Myers, W. J., 1978, Carbonate cements—their regional distribution and interpretation in Mississippian limestones of southwestern New Mexico: Sedimentology, v. 25, p. 371–399., 10., 1111/sed., 1978., 25., issue-3</ref>). As has been shown by Sippel,<ref name=pt05r147>Sippel, R. T., 1968, Sandstone petrology, evidence from luminescence petrography: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 38, p. 530–554.</ref> it is also useful in determining paragenesis of siliciclastic rocks. It is particularly useful in interpreting original composition and texture in recrystallized or dolomitized strata.

==X-ray fluoroscopy (XF)==

==X-ray fluoroscopy (XF)==