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  | part    = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
 
  | part    = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
 
  | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
 
  | chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
  | frompg  = 21-1
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  | frompg  = 21-35
  | topg    = 21-68
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  | topg    = 21-36
 
  | author  = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
 
  | author  = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
 
  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
 
  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
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  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X
 
  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X
 
}}
 
}}
'''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflections]] whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude amplitude], and [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency frequency], within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref>
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'''Seismic facies''' are "mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflections]] whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0100/0117.htm Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences], in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1157 AAPG Memoir 26], p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude amplitude], and [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Frequency frequency], within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine [[lateral]] [[lithofacies]] and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/oversiz2/data/a188/a188/0001/0000/0001.htm Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure], in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=478 AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27], p. 2.</ref> Of these parameters, [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection pattern]] geometries are perhaps the most useful for calibration with lithofacies interpreted from [[Quick-look lithology from logs|well logs]], [[Core description|cores]], and [[Mudlogging: drill cuttings analysis|cuttings]].
    
[[file:AAPGBullFeb2013ZengFigure4.JPG|thumb|400px|Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90&deg; Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.<ref name=Zeng_2013>Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2013/02feb/BLTN12029/BLTN12029.HTM 10.1306/06011212029].</ref>]]
 
[[file:AAPGBullFeb2013ZengFigure4.JPG|thumb|400px|Control of thickness tuning and frequency tuning on seismic facies. Amplitude and its instantaneous attribute models are calculated with 90&deg; Ricker wavelets of 20-, 35-, and 80-Hz peak frequencies (or 26-, 45.5-, and 104-Hz predominant frequencies, respectively). No noise is added to the convolution models.<ref name=Zeng_2013>Zeng, Hongliu, 2013, Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 2, p. 201–221, DOI:[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2013/02feb/BLTN12029/BLTN12029.HTM 10.1306/06011212029].</ref>]]
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The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />).
 
The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />).
   −
{| class = "wikitable"
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# Divide each [[Depositional sequence identification|depositional sequence]] into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
|-
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# Describe the internal [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection configuration]] and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/downlap.aspx downlap].
! Step || Action
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# Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
|-
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# Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity interval velocity] or localized [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude_anomaly amplitude anomalies].
| 1 || Divide each [[depositional sequence]] into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
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# Integrate well and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outcrop outcrop] data with seismic facies distribution.
|-
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# Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
| 2 || Describe the internal [[Reflection configuration patterns|reflection configuration]] and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/downlap.aspx downlap].
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# Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
|-
  −
| 3 || Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
  −
|-
  −
| 4 || Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Interval_velocity interval velocity] or localized [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Amplitude_anomaly amplitude anomalies].
  −
|-
  −
| 5 || Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
  −
|-
  −
| 6 || Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
  −
|-
  −
| 7 || Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
  −
|}
      
==See also==
 
==See also==
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[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]  
 
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]  
 
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
 
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
 +
[[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]]

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