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White paper: Hydraulic fracturing (view source)
Revision as of 18:03, 19 April 2016
, 18:03, 19 April 2016no edit summary
Global demand for oil and natural gas continues to grow, and will for decades to come. Meeting the needs of the developed and developing world alike will require the petroleum industry to find and produce new oil and natural gas resources. Hydraulic fracturing will help make this possible.
Global demand for oil and natural gas continues to grow, and will for decades to come. Meeting the needs of the developed and developing world alike will require the petroleum industry to find and produce new oil and natural gas resources. Hydraulic fracturing will help make this possible.
==Annotated bibliography==
===Basic Information about the Shale Resource and the Hydraulic Fracturing Processes:===
* AAPG Energy Minerals Division information on shale resources: http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/shalegas_liquids/index.cfm.
* U.S. Department of Energy, Shale Gas 101 describes what it is, why it is important, and explains environmental challenges associated with its production: http://energy.gov/fe/shale-gas-101.
* Hydraulic Fracturing: How it Works, including the process, the site setup and fracturing fluid management, by FracFocus Chemical Registry at https://fracfocus.org/hydraulic-fracturing-process.
===Economic Impact of shale development:===
* Economic benefits of fracking: see the March 2015 Brookings Institute analysis: summary and link at http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brookings-now/posts/2015/03/economic-benefits-of-fracking.
* National Bureau of Economic Research study (October 2105) by Dartmouth professors focuses on the income and employment consequences of fracking, finding that over a third of fracking revenue stays within the regional economy, http://www.nber.org/papers/w21624.
===Best Practices and Standards:===
* U.S. Secretary of Energy Advisory Board Natural Gas Subcommittee report (2011) gives best practice recommendations and documents their implementation in the final report. (http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/index.html)
===State and Federal Regulation===
* EPA requires “Green Completions” by 2015: http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/pdfs/20120417changes.pdf.
* Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has proposed hydraulic fracturing rules for federal lands: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/06/10/2013-13708/oil-and-gas-hydraulic-fracturing-on-federal-and-indian-lands. The Wyoming federal court has issued an injunction blocking enforcement of the rule.
* BLM released proposed rules rule to reduce venting and flaring of natural gas on February 8, 2016. This is an issue in the Williston basin and Eagle Ford producing area that predominantly produce oil with associated gas.
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids:
* FracFocus, sponsored by the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission and the Ground Water Protection Council, lists chemicals used in over 94,000 wells: http://fracfocus.org/
Induced Seismicity:
* U.S. Geological Survey “What you do and don’t know about induced seismicity.”
* U.S. Geological Survey frequently asked questions about earthquakes caused by wastewater injection, http://www.usgs.gov/faq/taxonomy/term/9833.
* New U.S. Geological Survey “New Hazard Model for Induced Earthquakes” maps risk of damage from earthquakes (April 2016).
* U.S. National Research Council study on induced seismicity (2013): (http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13355 (the PDF is free to download)
===Induced Seismicity, Cont.===
* The StatesFirst Induced Seismicity Work Group released its report (October 2015), “Potential Injection-Induced Seismicity Associated with Oil & Gas Development: A Primer on Technical and Regulatory Considerations Informing Risk Management and Mitigation” StatesFirst is an initiative of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) and the Ground Water Protection Council (GWPC).
* Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) February 2015, UIC National Technical Workgroup (NTW) recommendations on “Minimizing and Managing Potential Impacts of Injection-Induced Seismicity from Class II Disposal Wells: Practical Approaches.”
* “Oklahoma’s recent earthquakes and saltwater disposal” F. Rall Walsh III* and Mark D. Zoback (2015, Science Advances). Saltwater disposal is predominantly produced water, not hydraulic fracturing flow-back.
* Kansas Geological Survey monitoring and mitigation of earthquakes related to saltwater disposal, report to the state legislature, January 2016.
===Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing===
* Comparison of Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing for Unconventional Oil and Gas versus Conventional Oil, B.R. Scanlon and others, 2014, Environ. Sci. Technol.
Methane in Aquifers:
* EPA draft assessment of the potential impacts of oil and gas hydraulic fracturing activities on the quality and quantity of drinking water resources in the United States released in June 2015. Read executive summary or full report.
* Science Advisory Board Hydraulic Fracturing Research Advisory Panel has released two preliminary reports as part of its public meetings and peer review.
* A geochemical context for stray gas investigations in the northern Appalachian Basin: Implications of analyses of natural gases from Neogene-through Devonian-age strata, Fred J. Baldassare, AAPG Bull. V. 98, No. 2 (February 2014), P. 341–372. Thermogenic and microbial gases occur in shallow aquifers and formations above the Marcellus, and predate Marcellus drilling.
===Methane Air Emissions: there is significant variation in measured, estimated or modeled values:===
* National Energy Technology Lab: Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Natural Gas and Power Production presentation to EIA June 2015 Energy Conference, http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/energy-analysis/life-cycle-analysis/lca-listing?prog=presentation.
* EPA National Inventory shows that 2013 methane emissions from natural as systems declined 12 percent from 2005, while production increased about 28 percent over the same period. http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html.
* Barnett Coordinated Measurement Campaign, seven articles in the July 7, 2015, Environ. Sci. Technol. v. 49, issue 13, document airborne measurements over the Barnett shale production region in Texas and the small number of “super emitters” http://pubs.acs.org/journal/esthag.
===Traffic, Trucking Best Practices:===
* The American Petroleum Institute, the American Trucking Associations and the National Tank Truck Carriers have collected nearly two dozen recommendations for roadway safety and more considerate driving practices: http://issuu.com/consumerenergyalliance/docs/trucking_safety_task_force/1