Changes

===Induced Seismicity:===

===Induced Seismicity:===

* U.S. Geological Survey “[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/induced/myths.php What you do and don’t know about induced seismicity]" & [http://www.usgs.gov/faq/taxonomy/term/9833 U.S. Geological Survey frequently asked questions about earthquakes caused by wastewater injection].

* U.S. Geological Survey: “[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/induced/myths.php What you do and don’t know about induced seismicity]" & [http://www.usgs.gov/faq/taxonomy/term/9833 U.S. Geological Survey frequently asked questions about earthquakes caused by wastewater injection].

* New U.S. Geological Survey “New Hazard Model for Induced Earthquakes” maps risk of damage from earthquakes (April 2016).

* New U.S. Geological Survey “New Hazard Model for Induced Earthquakes” maps risk of damage from earthquakes (April 2016).

* [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13355 U.S. National Research Council study on induced seismicity] (2013) (the PDF is free to download)

* [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13355 U.S. National Research Council study on induced seismicity] (2013) (the PDF is free to download)

* The StatesFirst Induced Seismicity Work Group released its report (October 2015), “Potential Injection-Induced Seismicity Associated with Oil & Gas Development: A Primer on Technical and Regulatory Considerations Informing Risk Management and Mitigation” StatesFirst is an initiative of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) and the Ground Water Protection  Council (GWPC).

* The StatesFirst Induced Seismicity Work Group released its report (October 2015), “[http://www.statesfirstinitiative.org/#!induced-seismicity-work-group/cwed Potential Injection-Induced Seismicity Associated with Oil & Gas Development: A Primer on Technical and Regulatory Considerations Informing Risk Management and Mitigation].” StatesFirst is an initiative of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) and the Ground Water Protection  Council (GWPC).

* Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) February 2015, UIC National Technical Workgroup (NTW) recommendations on “Minimizing and Managing Potential Impacts of Injection-Induced Seismicity from Class II Disposal Wells: Practical Approaches.”

* “[http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1500195 Oklahoma’s recent earthquakes and saltwater disposal]”: F. Rall Walsh III* and Mark D. Zoback (2015, Science Advances). Saltwater disposal is predominantly produced water, not hydraulic fracturing flow-back.

* “Oklahoma’s recent earthquakes and saltwater disposal” F. Rall Walsh III* and Mark D. Zoback (2015, Science Advances). Saltwater disposal is predominantly produced water, not hydraulic fracturing flow-back.

* Kansas Geological Survey monitoring and mitigation of earthquakes related to saltwater disposal, [http://www.kgs.ku.edu/PRS/Seismicity/2016/01-20-16_Legislative_Testimony_Seismicity.pdf report to the state legislature, January 2016].

* Kansas Geological Survey monitoring and mitigation of earthquakes related to saltwater disposal, report to the state legislature, January 2016.

===Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing===

===Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing===

* Comparison of Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing for Unconventional Oil and Gas versus Conventional Oil, B.R. Scanlon and others, 2014, Environ. Sci. Technol.  

* [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es502506v Comparison of Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing for Unconventional Oil and Gas versus Conventional Oil], B.R. Scanlon and others, 2014, Environ. Sci. Technol.

 

===Methane in Aquifers:===

===Methane in Aquifers:===

* EPA draft assessment of the potential impacts of oil and gas hydraulic fracturing activities on the quality and quantity of drinking water resources in the United States released in June 2015. Read executive summary or full report.   

* EPA draft assessment of the potential impacts of oil and gas hydraulic fracturing activities on the quality and quantity of drinking water resources in the United States released in June 2015. [http://www2.epa.gov/hfstudy/executive-summary-hydraulic-fracturing-study-draft-assessment-2015 Read executive summary or full report].   

* Science Advisory Board Hydraulic Fracturing Research Advisory Panel has released two preliminary reports as part of its public meetings and peer review.  

** Science Advisory Board Hydraulic Fracturing Research Advisory Panel documentation of its public meetings and peer review is [https://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/fedrgstr_activites/HF%20Drinking%20Water%20Assessment!OpenDocument&TableRow=2.2#2. here].

* A geochemical context for stray gas investigations in the northern Appalachian Basin: Implications of analyses of natural gases from Neogene-through Devonian-age strata, Fred J. Baldassare, AAPG Bull. V. 98, No. 2 (February 2014), P. 341–372. Thermogenic and microbial gases occur in shallow aquifers and formations above the Marcellus, and predate Marcellus drilling.

* Methane and other gases occur in shallow aquifers and formations above the Marcellus, and predate Marcellus drilling: ”[http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2014/02feb/BLTN12178/BLTN12178.HTM A geochemical context for stray gas investigations in the northern Appalachian Basin: Implications of analyses of natural gases from Neogene-through Devonian-age strata]”, Fred J. Baldassare, AAPG Bull. V. 98, No. 2 (February 2014), P. 341–372.  

* Methane found in water wells in the Denver-Julesburg basin, Colorado, is mostly microbially generated in shallow coal seams. About 0.06 to 0.15 percent of wells leaked thermogenic methane due to inadequate surface casing, casing leaks or wellhead-seal leaks ([http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/07/05/1523267113.full.pdf Owen Sherwood and others, 2016]).

===Methane Air Emissions: there is significant variation in measured, estimated or modeled values:===

===Methane Air Emissions: there is significant variation in measured, estimated or modeled values:===