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* Carbonate; elevated salinity; Lower Cretaceous * Carbonate; elevated salinity;

...s]] characterized by a range of ecological parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and food availability. Because several important paramet

...aneous brine in which the total cation concentration is below a critical [[salinity]] value ...herefore, any system of laboratory tests to evaluate only the influence of salinity on flow impairment must be conducted at rates below the critical velocity.

....org/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations cation] concentration is below a critical salinity value ...herefore, any system of laboratory tests to evaluate only the influence of salinity on flow impairment must be conducted at rates below the critical velocity.

* Calculating hydrostatic pressures from measured water density or salinity

True solution is a function of pressure, temperature, salinity, molecular weight, and mixtures of components present. The aqueous solubili ...the water mass moves into lower temperature and pressure conditions or its salinity increases, the hydrocarbons exsolve and form a free phase. This should be a

...ikipedia:Density|Densities]] of formation waters as related to [[Wikipedia:Salinity|salinities]]

The table below lists hydrostatic pressure gradients, water density, and salinity in weight percent total dissolved solids (TDS). Such consistent salinity increase with depth is not unique to the [[East Texas basin]] but is charac

...paleoclimate, degree of oxygenation of the bottom water and sediment, and salinity of the waters (see the articles on [[Paleoclimatology]], [[Paleobathymetry] | Oxygen and salinity

...several factors, including fluid buoyancy, formation pressure trends, and salinity gradients. Similar migration patterns have been suggested by Hanor and Sass ...fferences in fluid density caused by spatial variations in temperature and salinity. The dissolution of salt plays a critical role in driving fluid flow in thi

...ation device is used to determine water saturation when porosity and water salinity are known. The porosity devices are used to estimate porosity when litholog ...ows one to estimate the water saturation when porosity and formation water salinity are known. A typical pulsed neutron log is shown in [[:file:basic-cased-hol

...of contourites formation. They are affected by variations in temperatures, salinity, tides, waves, wind, topography and physical barriers that have to pass tro ...(Figure 1). Its name derives from ''thermal''= temperature and ''haline''=salinity. Its relevance is in distributing the heat all over the world, from the tro

* Water pressure gradient is estimated from water salinity.

...log is featureless because the borehole salinity is the same as formation salinity. (c) Bell shape, fining upward. Note that coal is present in addition to sh ...ct the SP from the shale baseline. The deflection is negative for a normal salinity contrast (borehole fresher than formation). Little change occurs within a s

Due to the low salinity of the produced waters from the [[hydrocarbon field]]s, massive recharges o ...gration of brine in the [[North Louisiana Basin]] and illustrated that the salinity allows constraining the [[fluid flow]]s in that basin.

...gas can be dissolved in water formation, the factors that influence it is salinity. Estimated solubility is calculated by correlation McCain: Where CNaCl is water salinity

...ke depositional line. Theses parameters include: water depth, temperature, salinity, oxygen supply, nutrient availability, availability of light, proximity to ...errestrial to deep marine, their ecological dependent on e.g. temperature, salinity, oxygen levels and water depth. Individual organism types have known enviro

...sub>), iodide (I), and bromide (Br). Brine specific gravity increases with salinity in units of about 0.075 per 100 ppt. ...deg;F]]) to about 1 cP at ambient temperatures, increasing with increasing salinity. Finally, reservoir brines exhibit only slight shrinkage (<5%) when produce

# Follow the appropriate salinity line intercepted at step 1 to the appropriate formation temperature and mar

* Why are there differences in water salinity for multiple sands in one [[structural trap system|structural trap]]?

...coarser sediment grains, abundant terrigenous organic matter, and modified salinity and temperature greatly affect the local environment. Biofacies distributio

...ng drilling. The amount of gas contained in formation water depends on the salinity. Fresher formation water absorbs more gas. Quantities range up to 14 scf/bb

* Increasing salinity

...to sea level—an arbitrarily defined point in space. Unlike temperature or salinity, depth is not a true environmental parameter because it does not directly i

...vel of the Mediterranean, the lowest point on earth. The Dead Sea also has salinity 10 times that of the Mediterranean, and due to the high evaporation rate in

...salinity of the inclusion’s aqueous phase to be estimated. Determining the salinity helps differentiate between freshwater and sweater and analyze the paleo co

...include density, gas to oil ratio, [[API gravity]], water resistivity and salinity, temperature, and pressure ...easurement is very sensitive to tool standoff, hole size, temperature, and salinity. Environmental corrections are highly recommended before attempting to inte

...ps, 1973, Sodium in carbonate sediments and rocks; a possible index to the salinity of diagenetic solutions: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 43, p. 614-617.</ref> Qua

...lomite]] is 2.87 g/cm³. The fluid density is dependent upon the salinity of water and the density of hydrocarbon. Freshwater has a density of 1.0 g/ ...fficult to determine accurately in fractured or vugular reservoirs. In low salinity reservoirs, these equations overestimate water saturation due to a phenomen

#* Formation water salinity

...le:determination-of-water-resistivity_fig2.png|Figure 2]]). If there is no salinity contrast between the mud and the formation water, no SP currents are genera

...rsed fluids to function efficiently is 20,000 mg/L chlorides (which is the salinity of seawater). The cost for this type of system is slightly higher than that

| Hole size, temperature, pressure, borehole, and formation salinity; mud weight, mud type, mudcake thickness, and tool position

...quencies. The pore fluid is in most cases water, with dissolved salts. The salinity is the primary factor in determining the resistivity of the pore fluid, wit

...sitive clays can expand by reacting with drilling fluids, particularly low salinity muds. This can cause the borehole wall to founder and bury the drill bit ir

...tively shallow depths. Indications of active [[meteoric flow]] include low salinity water, high topographic relief, and proximity to [[recharge]] areas.

...f water in smectite clay as it changes to illite, osmotic pressures due to salinity variations in the water, and effects of cementation.

...the potential difference driving the electrical current, that results from salinity differences between the drilling mud and formation water in permeable rocks ...is sensitive to chlorine abundance and hence the water saturation and the salinity of the pore fluids || Fluid saturations are determined from the log results

...of scientists that explains about the importance of Magnesium (Mg), water salinity, and diagenetic environment (vadose, phreatic, or subsurface) as mineralogi

...egree of hydrocarbon biodegradation is dependent on many factors including salinity, hydrocarbon composition, temperature, pH, pressure and moisture.

...ommunications, v. 34, p. 912-914.</ref> (2) Tasmanites spp., which are low-salinity, cool water, marine algal phyto-plankton with unique physical features;<ref

...onditions local to the tool (such as mud weight, temperature, and borehole salinity) and work with the most technically correct wireline data (see [[Preprocess

The distribution of shale and the salinity of formation water can significantly affect the resistivity of the formatio

...nate–siliciclastic system. When a distinguishable shelf break was created, salinity and density contrast in the water masses enhanced the current activity trig ...n the Unit 1 produce less percentage of water. In average, formation water salinity is 220 ppk NaCl equivalent<ref>Cuervo, S., E. Lombardo, D. Vallejos, L. Cro

...uid inclusion analysis is also conducted to determine microthermometry and salinity. The sub-surface dolomite or dolostone can be studied using conventional pe

...climatic warming. The fresh water runoff creates a brackish water cap and salinity stratification. Vertical mixing of the water column is inhibited causing an