Changes

==Chitinozoans==

==Chitinozoans==

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-9.png|left|thumb|{{figure number|1}}See text for explanation.]]

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-9.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Typical chitinozoans.]]

Chitinozoans are marine organic-walled, flask-shaped microfossils (50 μm to [[length::2 mm]] in size) that occur in rocks of Ordovician to Devonian age. The biological affinities of chitinozoans are poorly understood, but they may be eggs of marine metazoans. They are excellent biostratigraphic indices and useful paleoenvironmental markers. They also have potential as thermal maturity indices (see “Thermal Maturity”).

Chitinozoans are marine organic-walled, flask-shaped microfossils (50 μm to [[length::2 mm]] in size) that occur in rocks of Ordovician to Devonian age. The biological affinities of chitinozoans are poorly understood, but they may be eggs of marine metazoans. They are excellent biostratigraphic indices and useful paleoenvironmental markers. They also have potential as thermal maturity indices (see “Thermal Maturity”).

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-9.png|Figure 1]] shows some typical chitinozoans.

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-9.png|Figure 1]] shows some typical chitinozoans.

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-10.png|thumb|{{figure number|2}}See text for explanation.]]

 

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-10.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|2}}Typical spores and pollen.]]

Spores and pollen are parts of the reproductive cycle of plants and range in age from Late Ordovician and Carboniferous, respectively, to Holocene. Although land derived, the grains can be carried by wind and water currents into marine and nonmarine (particularly lacustrine and fluviatile) environments. The type and relative abundance of spores and pollen provide useful paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information, and they are widely used for basinal and regional stratigraphic correlation. Spores and pollen are also very useful in estimating thermal maturity, especially at temperature levels associated with hydrocarbon generation (see “Thermal Maturity”).

Spores and pollen are parts of the reproductive cycle of plants and range in age from Late Ordovician and Carboniferous, respectively, to Holocene. Although land derived, the grains can be carried by wind and water currents into marine and nonmarine (particularly lacustrine and fluviatile) environments. The type and relative abundance of spores and pollen provide useful paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information, and they are widely used for basinal and regional stratigraphic correlation. Spores and pollen are also very useful in estimating thermal maturity, especially at temperature levels associated with hydrocarbon generation (see “Thermal Maturity”).

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-10.png|Figure 2]] shows some typical spores and pollen. The first, second, and last drawings are pollen; the third is fungal (spore); and the fourth is fern (spore).

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-10.png|Figure 2]] shows some typical spores and pollen. The first, second, and last drawings are pollen; the third is fungal (spore); and the fourth is fern (spore).

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-11.png|left|thumb|{{figure number|3}}See text for explanation.]]

 

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-11.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|3}}Typical acritarchs.]]

Acritarchs are marine microplankton of unknown biological affinity ranging from Precambrian to Holocene in age. They are excellent biostratigraphic indices for Proterozoic through Devonian strata but are less important in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Acritarchs occur abundantly in fine-grained rocks and are geographically widespread. They have been used for paleoecology, paleogeography and thermal maturity

Acritarchs are marine microplankton of unknown biological affinity ranging from Precambrian to Holocene in age. They are excellent biostratigraphic indices for Proterozoic through Devonian strata but are less important in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Acritarchs occur abundantly in fine-grained rocks and are geographically widespread. They have been used for paleoecology, paleogeography and thermal maturity

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-11.png|Figure 3]] shows some typical acritarchs.

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-11.png|Figure 3]] shows some typical acritarchs.

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-12.png|thumb|{{figure number|4}}See text for explanation.]]

 

[[file:applied-paleontology_fig17-12.png|thumb|300px|{{figure number|4}}Typical dinoflagellates.]]

Dinoflagellates are the resting cysts of marine, unicellular red algae. They occur abundantly in Upper Triassic to Holocene sediments and are excellent biostratigraphic indices because of their rapid evolution and widespread geographic distribution. Dinoflagellate cysts occur predominantly in marine rocks but also are present in Cretaceous and Cenozoic lacustrine facies. The morphology and diversity of dinoflagellate assemblages can be used to differentiate marine environments.

Dinoflagellates are the resting cysts of marine, unicellular red algae. They occur abundantly in Upper Triassic to Holocene sediments and are excellent biostratigraphic indices because of their rapid evolution and widespread geographic distribution. Dinoflagellate cysts occur predominantly in marine rocks but also are present in Cretaceous and Cenozoic lacustrine facies. The morphology and diversity of dinoflagellate assemblages can be used to differentiate marine environments.