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→Biodegradation
==Biodegradation==
==Biodegradation==
Saturated fractions of oil and gas are readily biodegraded in the near-surface environment by a host of microbial communities; as [http://www.oiltracers.com/services/exploration-geochemistry/oil-biodegradation.aspx biodegradation] proceeds, other components of the oil can also be destroyed.<ref name=ch11r28>Palmer, S., 1991, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/geochem1/data/a037/a037/0001/0000/0047.htm Effect of biodegradation and water washing on crude oil composition], in Merrill, R., K., ed., Source and Migration Processes and Evaluation Techniques: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=436 AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology—Handbook of Petroleum Geology No. 1], p. 47–54.</ref> These factors aid biodegradation:
Saturated fractions of oil and gas are readily biodegraded in the near-surface environment by a host of microbial communities; as [http://www.oiltracers.com/services/exploration-geochemistry/oil-biodegradation.aspx biodegradation] proceeds, other components of the oil can also be destroyed.<ref name=ch11r28>Palmer, S., 1991, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/geochem1/data/a037/a037/0001/0000/0047.htm Effect of biodegradation and water washing on crude oil composition], in R. K. Merrill, ed., Source and Migration Processes and Evaluation Techniques: [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=436 AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology—Handbook of Petroleum Geology No. 1], p. 47–54.</ref> These factors aid biodegradation:
* Availability of oxidant and nutrient
* Availability of oxidant and nutrient
* Inoculation of the reservoir by a microbial community that can degrade the oil
* Inoculation of the reservoir by a microbial community that can degrade the oil
* Temperature below approximately [[temperature::170°F]]<ref name=ch11r34>Tissot, B., P., Welte, D., H., 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, 2 ed.: New York, Springer-Verlag, 699 p.</ref>
* Temperature below approximately [[temperature::170°F]]<ref name=ch11r34>Tissot, B. P., and D. H. Welte, 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, 2 ed.: New York, Springer-Verlag, 699 p.</ref>
==Geochemical signatures of biodegradation==
==Geochemical signatures of biodegradation==