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| | isbn = 0891810609 | | | isbn = 0891810609 |
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− | [[File:ST53_Part01_Pg03A.jpg|thumb|300px]]
| + | ==Basic concepts== |
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| Folds are bends or flexures of layered rock that form in response to motion along [[fault]]s, [[diapirism]], [[compaction]], and regional subsidence or [[uplift]]. Folds are expressed in [[seismic reflection profile]]s as one or more regions of dipping reflections ([[dip]] domains) that correspond to inclined [[stratigraphic]] contacts. | | Folds are bends or flexures of layered rock that form in response to motion along [[fault]]s, [[diapirism]], [[compaction]], and regional subsidence or [[uplift]]. Folds are expressed in [[seismic reflection profile]]s as one or more regions of dipping reflections ([[dip]] domains) that correspond to inclined [[stratigraphic]] contacts. |
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− | [[File:ST53_Part01_Pg03B.jpg|thumb|300px]]
| + | <gallery mode=packed heights=200px widths=200px> |
| + | File:ST53_Part01_Pg03A.jpg |
| + | File:ST53_Part01_Pg03B.jpg |
| + | File:ST53_Part01_Pg04.jpg|Folds in seismic sections. |
| + | </gallery> |
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| Dip domains are separated by [[axial]] surfaces; imaginary planes which, when viewed in two dimensions, form axial traces. [[Anticlinal]] axial surfaces occupy concave-downward [[fold hinge]]s; [[synclinal]] axial surfaces occupy concave-upward fold hinges. | | Dip domains are separated by [[axial]] surfaces; imaginary planes which, when viewed in two dimensions, form axial traces. [[Anticlinal]] axial surfaces occupy concave-downward [[fold hinge]]s; [[synclinal]] axial surfaces occupy concave-upward fold hinges. |
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| + | ==Folds and bedding thickness== |
| + | Folds are classified based on whether or not the thickness of stratigraphic layers changes in dip domains or across axial surfaces. |
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| + | Parallel folds preserve layer thickness, and are common in strata that deformed predominantly by flexural slip (see inset at right). Axial surfaces bisect inter-limb angles in parallel folds. |
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| + | <gallery mode=packed heights=200px widths=200px> |
| + | File:ST53_Part01_Pg05A.jpg |
| + | File:ST53_Part01_Pg05B.jpg |
| + | </gallery> |
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| + | Parallel folds commonly form by a deformation mechanism called flexural slip, where folding is accommodated by motions on minor faults that occur along some mechanical layering — usually bedding. Flexural-slip surfaces, which can be observed in core or outcrop, may vary in spacing from a few millimeters to several tens of meters in spacing. |