Changes

In nearby Israel and Syria, rifting took place between Permian or Triassic and Early Jurassic, associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys and the northward drift of Turkish-Iranian Gondwanan fragments from the Arabian plate ([[:file:M106Ch07Fig05.jpg|Figure 5]]). During Late Cretaceous to Tertiary several of these grabens became inverted due to Alpine collisional stress and now form the orogenic chain of the Syrian Arc (e.g., Abu-Jaber et al.<ref name=Abujaberetal_1989>Abu-Jaber, N. S., Kimberley, M. M., and Cavaroc, V. V., 1989, Mesozoic-Palaeogene basin development within the eastern Mediterranean borderland: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 419–436.</ref>).

In nearby Israel and Syria, rifting took place between Permian or Triassic and Early Jurassic, associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys and the northward drift of Turkish-Iranian Gondwanan fragments from the Arabian plate ([[:file:M106Ch07Fig05.jpg|Figure 5]]). During Late Cretaceous to Tertiary several of these grabens became inverted due to Alpine collisional stress and now form the orogenic chain of the Syrian Arc (e.g., Abu-Jaber et al.<ref name=Abujaberetal_1989>Abu-Jaber, N. S., Kimberley, M. M., and Cavaroc, V. V., 1989, Mesozoic-Palaeogene basin development within the eastern Mediterranean borderland: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 419–436.</ref>).

While inversion took place in the Syrian Arc region, extensional tectonics occurred in northern Jordan and led to the opening of the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary Azraq-Sirhan rift graben ([[:file:M106Ch07Fig06.jpg|Figure 6]]; Beydoun et al.<ref name=Beydounetal_1994 />). Inception, age, and trend are analogous to the petroliferous Euphrates graben system of eastern Syria.<ref name=Beydounetal_1994 /> <ref name=Litaketal_1998>Lipson-Benitah, S., et al., 1990, Dysoxic sedimentation in the Cenomanian-Turonian Daliyya Formation, Israel: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 30, p. 27–39.</ref> From the mid-Miocene, major strike slip movements occurred along the Dead Sea that resulted in the creation of a series of three major west-stepping en-echelon faults with well defined pull-apart basins, that is, the Gulf of Aqaba Basin, the Dead Sea Basin, and the Galilee Basin.<ref name=Beydounetal_1994 /> The NNE-trending Dead Sea pull-apart basin is fairly narrow (7–10 km [4–6 mi]) and 132 km (82 mi) long.<ref name=Tenbrinketal_1993>Ten Brink, U. S., et al., 1993, Structure of the Dead Sea pull-apart basin from gravity analyses: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, no. B12, p. 877–894.</ref> Its transform fault shows up to 107 km (66 mi) of left lateral displacement.<ref name=Martetal_2005>Mart, Y., Ryan, W. B. F., and Lunina, O. V., 2005, Review of the tectonics of the Levant Rift system: The structural significance of oblique continental breakup: Tectonophysics, v. 395, p. 209–232.</ref>

While inversion took place in the Syrian Arc region, extensional tectonics occurred in northern Jordan and led to the opening of the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary Azraq-Sirhan rift graben ([[:file:M106Ch07Fig06.jpg|Figure 6]]; Beydoun et al.<ref name=Beydounetal_1994 />). Inception, age, and trend are analogous to the petroliferous Euphrates graben system of eastern Syria.<ref name=Beydounetal_1994 /> <ref name=Litaketal_1998>Lipson-Benitah, S., et al., 1990, Dysoxic sedimentation in the Cenomanian-Turonian Daliyya Formation, Israel: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 30, p. 27–39.</ref> From the mid-Miocene, major strike slip movements occurred along the Dead Sea that resulted in the creation of a series of three major west-stepping en-echelon faults with well defined pull-apart basins, that is, the Gulf of Aqaba Basin, the Dead Sea Basin, and the Galilee Basin.<ref name=Beydounetal_1994 /> The NNE-trending Dead Sea pull-apart basin is fairly narrow (7–10 km [4–6 mi]) and 132 km (82 mi) long.<ref name=Tenbrinketal_1993>Ten Brink, U. S., et al., 1993, Structure of the Dead Sea pull-apart basin from gravity analyses: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, no. B12, p. 877–894.</ref> Its transform fault shows up to 107 km (66 mi) of left [[lateral]] displacement.<ref name=Martetal_2005>Mart, Y., Ryan, W. B. F., and Lunina, O. V., 2005, Review of the tectonics of the Levant Rift system: The structural significance of oblique continental breakup: Tectonophysics, v. 395, p. 209–232.</ref>

The wrenching and pull-apart basin creation is linked to the opening history of the Gulf of Aqaba, Gulf of Suez, and the Red Sea. The onset of Dead Sea movements coincides with a shift of the extensional stress regime from the abandoned Gulf of Suez toward the Gulf of Aqaba/Dead Sea transform.<ref name=Bosworthetal_2005>Bosworth, W., Huchon, P., and McClay, K., 2005, The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 334–378.</ref> The Neogene strike-slip faulting in Jordan also modified the structural style of the older basins further east, including the Azraq-Sirhan Basin. Neogene to Pleistocene basalts of northern Jordan were formed as a result of extensional movements in the Dead Sea transform and the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez and Aqaba systems.<ref name=Ilanietal_2001>Ilani, S., et al., 2001, New K-Ar ages of basalts from the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic field in Jordan: Implications for the span and duration of the upper-mantle upwelling beneath the western Arabian plate: Geology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 171–174.</ref> <ref name=Shawetal_2003>Shaw, J. E., Baker, J. A., Menzies, M. A., Thirlwall, M. F., and Ibrahim, K. M., 2003, Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian plate (Jordan): A mixed lithosphere-asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, no. 9, p. 1657–1679.</ref>

The wrenching and pull-apart basin creation is linked to the opening history of the Gulf of Aqaba, Gulf of Suez, and the Red Sea. The onset of Dead Sea movements coincides with a shift of the extensional stress regime from the abandoned Gulf of Suez toward the Gulf of Aqaba/Dead Sea transform.<ref name=Bosworthetal_2005>Bosworth, W., Huchon, P., and McClay, K., 2005, The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 334–378.</ref> The Neogene strike-slip faulting in Jordan also modified the structural style of the older basins further east, including the Azraq-Sirhan Basin. Neogene to Pleistocene basalts of northern Jordan were formed as a result of extensional movements in the Dead Sea transform and the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez and Aqaba systems.<ref name=Ilanietal_2001>Ilani, S., et al., 2001, New K-Ar ages of basalts from the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic field in Jordan: Implications for the span and duration of the upper-mantle upwelling beneath the western Arabian plate: Geology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 171–174.</ref> <ref name=Shawetal_2003>Shaw, J. E., Baker, J. A., Menzies, M. A., Thirlwall, M. F., and Ibrahim, K. M., 2003, Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian plate (Jordan): A mixed lithosphere-asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, no. 9, p. 1657–1679.</ref>