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Seismic facies analysis (view source)
Revision as of 19:00, 22 January 2014
, 19:00, 22 January 2014Initial import
{{publication
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
| frompg = 21-1
| topg = 21-68
| author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
==Definition and purpose==
Seismic facies are mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences, in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and [[Applications]] to Hydrocarbon Exploration: AAPG Memoir 26, p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure, in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27, p. 2.</ref>
==Reflection parameters==
There are five useful reflection parameters:
* Configuration (reflection geometry)
* Continuity
* Amplitude
* Frequency
* Interval velocity
Depositional environment, sediment source, and lithofacies can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.<ref name=ch21r5>Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology 27, vol. 1, 124 p.</ref> The table below (after <ref name=ch21r31 />) summarizes the information obtained from each parameter.
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Reflection parameter
! Geologic interpretation
|-
| Configuration
| * Bedding patterns * Depositional properties * Erosion and paleotopography * [[Fluid contacts]]
|-
| Continuity
| * Lateral continuity of strata * Depositional processes
|-
| Amplitude
| * Velocity-density contrasts of individual interfaces * Bed spacing * Bed thickness
|-
| Frequency
| * Bed thickness * Fluid content
|-
| Interval velocity
| * Lithofacies estimations * [[Porosity]] estimations * Fluid content
|}
==Seismic facies analysis procedure==
The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />).
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Step
! Action
|-
| 1
| Divide each depositional sequence into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
|-
| 2
| Describe the internal reflection configuration and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, downlap.
|-
| 3
| Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
|-
| 4
| Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as interval velocity or localized amplitude anomalies.
|-
| 5
| Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
|-
| 6
| Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
|-
| 7
| Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
|}
==See also==
* [[Facies analysis]]
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]]
* [[Seismic facies mapping]]
* [[Analyzing individual reflectors]]
* [[Techniques for enhancing seismic facies analysis]]
* [[Analyzing lithofacies]]
* [[Petrophysical analysis of lithofacies]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
| frompg = 21-1
| topg = 21-68
| author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
==Definition and purpose==
Seismic facies are mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units”.<ref name=ch21r31>Mitchum, R., M., Vail, P., R., Sangree, J., B., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level, part 6: stratigraphic interpretations of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences, in Payton, C., E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy and [[Applications]] to Hydrocarbon Exploration: AAPG Memoir 26, p. 117–133.</ref> Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. Its purpose is to determine all variations of seismic parameters within [[third-order sequences]] and their systems tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and fluid type changes.<ref name=ch21r44>Vail, P., R., 1987, Seismic stratigraphy interpretation procedure, in Bally, A., W., ed., Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology No. 27, p. 2.</ref>
==Reflection parameters==
There are five useful reflection parameters:
* Configuration (reflection geometry)
* Continuity
* Amplitude
* Frequency
* Interval velocity
Depositional environment, sediment source, and lithofacies can be interpreted by grouping these parameters into mappable, three-dimensional seismic facies.<ref name=ch21r5>Bally, A., W., ed., 1987, Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy: AAPG Studies in Geology 27, vol. 1, 124 p.</ref> The table below (after <ref name=ch21r31 />) summarizes the information obtained from each parameter.
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Reflection parameter
! Geologic interpretation
|-
| Configuration
| * Bedding patterns * Depositional properties * Erosion and paleotopography * [[Fluid contacts]]
|-
| Continuity
| * Lateral continuity of strata * Depositional processes
|-
| Amplitude
| * Velocity-density contrasts of individual interfaces * Bed spacing * Bed thickness
|-
| Frequency
| * Bed thickness * Fluid content
|-
| Interval velocity
| * Lithofacies estimations * [[Porosity]] estimations * Fluid content
|}
==Seismic facies analysis procedure==
The table below outlines a procedure to analyze seismic facies from a grid of sections (vertical) of 2-D or 3-D [[seismic data]] (modified from <ref name=ch21r31 />).
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Step
! Action
|-
| 1
| Divide each depositional sequence into seismic facies units on all seismic sections.
|-
| 2
| Describe the internal reflection configuration and terminations of each seismic facies unit, i.e., sigmoid, parallel, downlap.
|-
| 3
| Transfer seismic facies descriptions from seismic sections to a shot point map of each sequence.
|-
| 4
| Combine seismic facies distribution and thickness with the map distribution of any other diagnostic parameters, such as interval velocity or localized amplitude anomalies.
|-
| 5
| Integrate well and outcrop data with seismic facies distribution.
|-
| 6
| Interpret the seismic facies maps in terms of depositional settings such as marine or nonmarine, water depth, basin position, energy, transport direction, or any other depositional aspects.
|-
| 7
| Estimate lithology using depositional setting interpretation from step 6 and all available data.
|}
==See also==
* [[Facies analysis]]
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]]
* [[Seismic facies mapping]]
* [[Analyzing individual reflectors]]
* [[Techniques for enhancing seismic facies analysis]]
* [[Analyzing lithofacies]]
* [[Petrophysical analysis of lithofacies]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]