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Seismic data: analyzing individual reflectors (view source)
Revision as of 19:08, 22 January 2014
, 19:08, 22 January 2014Initial import
{{publication
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
| frompg = 21-1
| topg = 21-68
| author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
We can enhance our recognition of stratigraphic features by using [[seismic data]] [[attributes]], reflection strength, coherence, and instantaneous phase. These attributes are well suited to stratigraphic interpretation and are an effective interpretive tool when displayed in map view.
==[[Seismic data]] attributes==
Seismic data attributes and their use in seismic facies analysis are listed in the following table.
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Attribute
! Use
|-
| Reflection strength
| * Lithologic variation * Facies mapping * [[Porosity]] prediction * Thin-bed analysis * Character correlation
|-
| Instantaneous phase
| * Reflector configuration * Reflector continuity * Reflector terminations
|-
| 3-D coherence
| * Facies mapping * Character correlation * Fault identification * Paleogeomorphology
|}
==Reflection strength==
Reflection strength is a measure of the total energy of a reflection, manifested in reflection amplitude. It is independent of phase. Reflection strength is also referred to as the instantaneous amplitude, or envelope amplitude. Analysis within specific reflectors can give us clues to changes in lithology or [[porosity]].
==Instantaneous phase==
Instantaneous phase is an amplitude-independent attribute that highlights reflector continuity. It is useful for enhancing reflector terminations, particularly in areas with weak, low-amplitude events. Reflector terminations appear much clearer, which allows for an easier understanding of the geometry of individual packages of reflectors.
==3-D coherence==
Three-dimensional coherence is a measure of the similarity of neighboring seismic traces in 3-D data. It is useful for mapping paleogeomorphology and faults.<ref name=ch21r4>Bahorich, M., S., Farmer, S., L., 1995, 3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features: the coherence cube: The Leading Edge, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 1053–58., 10., 1190/1., 1437077</ref>
The map below is a 3-D coherency slice of a Miocene channel complex in the Nile Delta, Egypt.
[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-29.png|thumb|{{figure number|21-29}}.]]
==See also==
* [[Facies analysis]]
* [[Basics of seismic facies analysis]]
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]]
* [[Seismic facies mapping]]
* [[Techniques for enhancing seismic facies analysis]]
* [[Analyzing lithofacies]]
* [[Petrophysical analysis of lithofacies]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Exploring for stratigraphic traps
| frompg = 21-1
| topg = 21-68
| author = John C. Dolson, Mike S. Bahorich, Rick C. Tobin, Edward A. Beaumont, Louis J. Terlikoski, Michael L. Hendricks
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
We can enhance our recognition of stratigraphic features by using [[seismic data]] [[attributes]], reflection strength, coherence, and instantaneous phase. These attributes are well suited to stratigraphic interpretation and are an effective interpretive tool when displayed in map view.
==[[Seismic data]] attributes==
Seismic data attributes and their use in seismic facies analysis are listed in the following table.
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Attribute
! Use
|-
| Reflection strength
| * Lithologic variation * Facies mapping * [[Porosity]] prediction * Thin-bed analysis * Character correlation
|-
| Instantaneous phase
| * Reflector configuration * Reflector continuity * Reflector terminations
|-
| 3-D coherence
| * Facies mapping * Character correlation * Fault identification * Paleogeomorphology
|}
==Reflection strength==
Reflection strength is a measure of the total energy of a reflection, manifested in reflection amplitude. It is independent of phase. Reflection strength is also referred to as the instantaneous amplitude, or envelope amplitude. Analysis within specific reflectors can give us clues to changes in lithology or [[porosity]].
==Instantaneous phase==
Instantaneous phase is an amplitude-independent attribute that highlights reflector continuity. It is useful for enhancing reflector terminations, particularly in areas with weak, low-amplitude events. Reflector terminations appear much clearer, which allows for an easier understanding of the geometry of individual packages of reflectors.
==3-D coherence==
Three-dimensional coherence is a measure of the similarity of neighboring seismic traces in 3-D data. It is useful for mapping paleogeomorphology and faults.<ref name=ch21r4>Bahorich, M., S., Farmer, S., L., 1995, 3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features: the coherence cube: The Leading Edge, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 1053–58., 10., 1190/1., 1437077</ref>
The map below is a 3-D coherency slice of a Miocene channel complex in the Nile Delta, Egypt.
[[file:exploring-for-stratigraphic-traps_fig21-29.png|thumb|{{figure number|21-29}}.]]
==See also==
* [[Facies analysis]]
* [[Basics of seismic facies analysis]]
* [[Reflection configuration patterns]]
* [[Seismic facies mapping]]
* [[Techniques for enhancing seismic facies analysis]]
* [[Analyzing lithofacies]]
* [[Petrophysical analysis of lithofacies]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch21/ch21.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Exploring for stratigraphic traps]]