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→Health effects of Cadmium, Cd
===Health effects of Cadmium, Cd===
===Health effects of Cadmium, Cd===
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UNN_Medical_Geology_Fig_8.png|{{figure number|8}}Distribution of Cadmium in the central districts of Jamaica<ref name=Wright>Wright, P. R. D., R. Rattray, and G. Lalor, 2010, A Regional Perspective of Medical Geology– Cadmium in Jamaica. In: O. Selinus, R. B. Finkelman, and J. A. Centeno, (eds), 2010, Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis, 36–45.</ref>
UNN_Medical_Geology_Fig_8.png|{{figure number|8}}Distribution of Cadmium in the central districts of Jamaica<ref name=Wright>Wright, P. R. D., R. Rattray, and G. Lalor, 2010, A regional perspective of medical geology—Cadmium in Jamaica, ''in'' O. Selinus, R. B. Finkelman, and J. A. Centeno, eds., Medical geology: A regional synthesis: Berlin, Springer, p. 36–45.</ref>
UNN_Medical_Geology_Fig_9.png|{{figure number|9}}Correlation between yam Cd concentration and soil Cd concentration.<ref name=Wright />
UNN_Medical_Geology_Fig_9.png|{{figure number|9}}Correlation between yam Cd concentration and soil Cd concentration.<ref name=Wright />
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Cadmium has great affinity for sulphides and is therefore associated with sulphide deposits. It has very similar tetrahedral covalent radius to that of zinc; thus, it can displace zinc from sphalerite (ZnS).
Cadmium has great affinity for sulphides and is therefore associated with sulphide deposits. It has very similar tetrahedral covalent radius to that of zinc; thus, it can displace zinc from sphalerite (ZnS).
Cadmium is highly toxic to humans. According to Hutton,<ref name=Htton /> it mainly accumulates in soft tissues such as the kidneys and liver. In Japan, it is the cause of a disease known as itai-itai–a disease that affects mainly women.<ref name=Hisashi>Hisashi, N., F. Kunio, and K. Takashi, 2010, Medical Geology in China. In: Selinus, O., Finkelman, R.B. and Centeno, J.A., eds, Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis, 329–338.</ref> Its symptoms include: backaches, pain in the limbs, arthralgia and pain in the pubic bones. This is the direct result of the loss of calcium in bones. The loss makes the bones to be fragile and causes the development of fractures. The victim remains in pain until death. In a particular autopsy conducted, 72 fracture points were seen.<ref name=Hisashi />
Cadmium is highly toxic to humans. According to Hutton,<ref name=Htton /> it mainly accumulates in soft tissues such as the kidneys and liver. In Japan, it is the cause of a disease known as itai-itai–a disease that affects mainly women.<ref name=Hisashi>Hisashi, N., F. Kunio, and K. Takashi, 2010, Medical geology in China, ''in'' O. Selinus, R. B. Finkelman, and J. A. Centeno, eds., Medical geology: A regional synthesis: Berlin, Springer, p. 329–338.</ref> Its symptoms include: backaches, pain in the limbs, arthralgia and pain in the pubic bones. This is the direct result of the loss of calcium in bones. The loss makes the bones to be fragile and causes the development of fractures. The victim remains in pain until death. In a particular autopsy conducted, 72 fracture points were seen.<ref name=Hisashi />
Health issues arising from high cadmium concentration has also been established in the central parts of Jamaica ([[:File:UNN_Medical_Geology_Fig_8.png|Figure 8]]). It occurs in the soil of a region with limestone and an overlying aluminum-rich bauxite deposit.<ref name=Wright /> Cadmium exists in a phosphatic band that forms the interface between the two lithologies. Further research indicates that the phosphatic band contains fossilized fish bones and teeth suggesting a marine origin. The processes of weathering release cadmium from the phosphatic band into the soil.
Health issues arising from high cadmium concentration has also been established in the central parts of Jamaica ([[:File:UNN_Medical_Geology_Fig_8.png|Figure 8]]). It occurs in the soil of a region with limestone and an overlying aluminum-rich bauxite deposit.<ref name=Wright /> Cadmium exists in a phosphatic band that forms the interface between the two lithologies. Further research indicates that the phosphatic band contains fossilized fish bones and teeth suggesting a marine origin. The processes of weathering release cadmium from the phosphatic band into the soil.
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|+ Table 5: Concentrations of Cadmium in various plant species in Jamaica.<ref name=Wright />
|+ {{Table number|5}}Concentrations of cadmium in various plant species in Jamaica.<ref name=Wright />
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! Food Category || Number of Samples || Range (Conc. in mg/kg)
! Food Category || Number of Samples || Range (Conc. in mg/kg)