Changes

In-situ stress is the natural pre-existing stress confined in the rock before it is drilled, excavated or affected by outside influences. The in-situ stresses originate in the earth crust due to different factors, mainly the weight of the overlaying rock layers and tectonic movements (see [[:File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure1.png|Figure 1]]). The other factors are summarized in [[:File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure2.png|Figure 2]]. The in-situ stress can vary within one rock mass from one location to another due to varying rock properties. It is important to determine the magnitude and direction of in-situ stresses before doing underground work or designing underground structures, see [[:File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Table1.png|Table 1]] for their different applications. In-situ stress characterization is the science of estimating the stress magnitudes and determining the orientation of three principle stresses: maximum horizontal stress, minimum horizontal stress, and vertical stress.

In-situ stress is the natural pre-existing stress confined in the rock before it is drilled, excavated or affected by outside influences. The in-situ stresses originate in the earth crust due to different factors, mainly the weight of the overlaying rock layers and tectonic movements (see [[:File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure1.png|Figure 1]]). The other factors are summarized in [[:File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure2.png|Figure 2]]. The in-situ stress can vary within one rock mass from one location to another due to varying rock properties. It is important to determine the magnitude and direction of in-situ stresses before doing underground work or designing underground structures, see [[:File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Table1.png|Table 1]] for their different applications. In-situ stress characterization is the science of estimating the stress magnitudes and determining the orientation of three principle stresses: maximum horizontal stress, minimum horizontal stress, and vertical stress.

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File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure1.png|{{Figure number|1}}Movement of the tectonic plate (Earth’s outer shell: Crust & Lithospheric Mantle) generate in-situ stress (from Duarte & Schellart<ref>Duarte, J., C., and W. P. Schellart, 2016, Introduction to plate boundaries and natural hazards, ''in'' J. C. Duarte, and W. P. Schellart, eds., Plate boundaries and natural hazards: AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 219, p. 1-10.</ref>).

File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure1.png|{{Figure number|1}}Movement of the tectonic plate (Earth’s outer shell: Crust & Lithospheric Mantle) generate in-situ stress (from Duarte & Schellart<ref>Duarte, J., C., and W. P. Schellart, 2016, Introduction to plate boundaries and natural hazards, ''in'' J. C. Duarte and W. P. Schellart, eds., Plate boundaries and natural hazards: AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 219, p. 1-10.</ref>).

File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure2.png|{{Figure number|2}}Summary of the different factors causing rock stress. (from Amadei & Stephanson, 1997) [2]

File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure2.png|{{Figure number|2}}Summary of the different factors causing rock stress (from Amadei & Stephanson<ref>Amadei, B., and O. Stephansson, 1997, Rock stress and its measurement: Amsterdam, Netherlands, Spring Dordrecht, 490 p.</ref>).

File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Table1.png|'''Table 1''' Activities requiring knowledge of in-situ stresses. (from Amadei & Stephanson,1997 as cited in Zhang, L 2016) [3.0]

File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Table1.png|'''Table 1''' Activities requiring knowledge of in-situ stresses. (from Amadei & Stephanson,1997 as cited in Zhang, L 2016) [3.0]

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2 Amadei, B & Stephansson, O, 1997, Rock stress and its measurement. London: Chapman & Hall.

 

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Zhang, L., 2016, Engineering properties of rocks. Oxford, United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann.   

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Zhang, L., 2016, Engineering properties of rocks. Oxford, United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann.