Changes

===Mining Engineering===

===Mining Engineering===

[[File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure22.png|thumb|400px|{{Figure number|22}}Orientation of major horizontal stresses in South Africa helps in the design and analyses of new mining areas (from Stacey, T., & Wesseloo, J, 1998) [14]]]

[[File:GeoWikiWriteOff2021-Tayyib-Figure22.png|thumb|400px|{{Figure number|22}}Orientation of major horizontal stresses in South Africa helps in the design and analyses of new mining areas (from Stacey, T., & Wesseloo, J, 1998) [14]]]

====Wellbore Stability Analysis (Safety of Mining Operations)====

====Wellbore Stability Analysis (Safety of Mining Operations)====

In-situ stress measurements taken from different mining and civil engineering projects in South Africa, were compiled in a database to provide a useful source for realistic design and layout analysis of new mining areas (Stacey, 1998). Figure 17 shows the orientations of the horizontal stresses in South Africa. Optimizing the in-situ stress distribution and concentration in the rock by optimizing the wellbore stability is important for the safety of mining operations.

In-situ stress measurements taken from different mining and civil engineering projects in South Africa, were compiled in a database to provide a useful source for realistic design and layout analysis of new mining areas (Stacey, 1998). Figure 17 shows the orientations of the horizontal stresses in South Africa. Optimizing the in-situ stress distribution and concentration in the rock by optimizing the wellbore stability is important for the safety of mining operations.

===Geology/Geophysics (Earthquake Prediction)===

====Geology/Geophysics (Earthquake Prediction)====

In-situ stresses were measured using different methods in several boreholes located in Japan and they were generally consistent with the plate tectonic model despite topographical disturbances (Koide, 1987). Results showed that even the shallow stress measurements reflect to some extent the tectonic stresses and monitoring stress changes can detect the build-up of tectonic stress which may cause earthquake. Also, stress measurements help detect areas with abnormal state of stress and provides a better understanding of the tectonic processes responsible for earthquakes.

In-situ stresses were measured using different methods in several boreholes located in Japan and they were generally consistent with the plate tectonic model despite topographical disturbances (Koide, 1987). Results showed that even the shallow stress measurements reflect to some extent the tectonic stresses and monitoring stress changes can detect the build-up of tectonic stress which may cause earthquake. Also, stress measurements help detect areas with abnormal state of stress and provides a better understanding of the tectonic processes responsible for earthquakes.