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Top seal strain estimation (view source)
Revision as of 14:18, 31 January 2014
, 14:18, 31 January 2014Initial import
{{publication
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal
| frompg = 10-1
| topg = 10-94
| author = Grant M. Skerlec
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
Once the ductility or paleoductility of a seal is known, the amount of strain that has affected the seal must be determined. One of the most useful techniques is '''incremental strain analysis'''. Originally applied to fractured reservoirs<ref name=ch10r91>Watts, N., L., 1983, Microfractures in chalks of the Albuskjell field, Norwegian sector, North Sea: possible origin and distribution: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 67, no. 2, p. 201–234.</ref> the technique is equally applicable to top seal analysis (;<ref name=ch10r70>Skerlec, G., M., 1982, Risking top seals in the Central Graben: Exxon Production Research Company internal report.</ref><ref name=ch10r71>Skerlec, G., M., 1990, SEALS: A short course for risking top seal and fault seal: Franklin, Pennsylvania, SEALS International, 600 p.</ref> Koch et al., 1992).
==Incremental strain analysis==
Incremental strain analysis measures the change in line length of sequence boundaries on depth-converted seismic lines to calculate strain magnitude as well as the strain occurring at different time intervals. The advantages of this technique are that it can be applied to prospects before drilling and it yields a quantitative estimate of strain that can be compared directly with strain measurements of top seals in the laboratory. Incremental strain analysis yields not only a quantitative strain value but also shows how strain has varied with time.
==Calculating incremental strain==
The following figure is a simple cross section of a low-relief salt structure showing three seismic sequences. The figure shows how strain is calculated: by comparing the original undeformed line length with the deformed line length between two arbitrary points, A and B. In this figure, 1<sub>0</sub> is the initial, undeformed line length; 1<sub>1</sub> is the deformed line length of the 60-m.y sequence boundary; and 1<sub>2</sub> is the deformed line length of the 131-m.y. sequence boundary. The strain (ε) on the 131-m.y sequence boundary is ε = (1<sub>2</sub> – 1<sub>0</sub>)/1<sub>0</sub> = 2.5%. The strain on the 60-m.y. sequence boundary is ε = (l<sub>1</sub> – 1<sub>0</sub>)/1<sub>0</sub> = 0.5%. All strains are extensional.
[[file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-38.png|thumb|{{figure number|10-38}}See text for explanation.]]
This method provides both an estimate of quantitative strain and the timing of strain. The incremental strain is the strain occurring during the time interval between two sequence boundaries. In the preceding figure, 0.5% strain occurred between 60 Ma and the present, while 2.5% strain occurred between 131 Ma and the present. Consequently, 2.0% strain occurred between 60 and 131 Ma. Strain–time plots display the strain affecting the top seal from the onset of deformation to the present.
==Correction for compaction==
Analysis requires decompaction of the sediments to correct for the apparent strain caused by compaction. In the Central Graben, the effect is generally minimal.
==Empirical threshold for top seal failure==
How much strain can a top seal withstand? In a mature basin, risk assessment of the strain threshold at which failure occurs is determined empirically by analyzing successes and failures. The empirical threshold varies from basin to basin. In a frontier setting, estimates of the strain required for failure must be based on (1) laboratory data on seal properties and (2) estimates of the confining pressure and seal ductility at the time of trap formation.
==Limitations of incremental strain analysis==
Incremental strain analysis provides only an estimate of strain. More detailed calculations of stain may be warranted. Incremental strain analysis is an average of strain over the entire structure. Local areas of high strain can have important control on spill points. Recent analyses have taken shorter line-length increments over the structure to calculate small-scale variations in strain (Koch et al., 1992). In addition, the method assumes fixed end points, whereas a limited amount of flexural slip occurs.
==See also==
* [[Strain analysis of top seals]]
* [[Seal ductility]]
* [[Estimating ductility of top seals]]
* [[Example: evaluating top seal integrity]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]]
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal
| frompg = 10-1
| topg = 10-94
| author = Grant M. Skerlec
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
Once the ductility or paleoductility of a seal is known, the amount of strain that has affected the seal must be determined. One of the most useful techniques is '''incremental strain analysis'''. Originally applied to fractured reservoirs<ref name=ch10r91>Watts, N., L., 1983, Microfractures in chalks of the Albuskjell field, Norwegian sector, North Sea: possible origin and distribution: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 67, no. 2, p. 201–234.</ref> the technique is equally applicable to top seal analysis (;<ref name=ch10r70>Skerlec, G., M., 1982, Risking top seals in the Central Graben: Exxon Production Research Company internal report.</ref><ref name=ch10r71>Skerlec, G., M., 1990, SEALS: A short course for risking top seal and fault seal: Franklin, Pennsylvania, SEALS International, 600 p.</ref> Koch et al., 1992).
==Incremental strain analysis==
Incremental strain analysis measures the change in line length of sequence boundaries on depth-converted seismic lines to calculate strain magnitude as well as the strain occurring at different time intervals. The advantages of this technique are that it can be applied to prospects before drilling and it yields a quantitative estimate of strain that can be compared directly with strain measurements of top seals in the laboratory. Incremental strain analysis yields not only a quantitative strain value but also shows how strain has varied with time.
==Calculating incremental strain==
The following figure is a simple cross section of a low-relief salt structure showing three seismic sequences. The figure shows how strain is calculated: by comparing the original undeformed line length with the deformed line length between two arbitrary points, A and B. In this figure, 1<sub>0</sub> is the initial, undeformed line length; 1<sub>1</sub> is the deformed line length of the 60-m.y sequence boundary; and 1<sub>2</sub> is the deformed line length of the 131-m.y. sequence boundary. The strain (ε) on the 131-m.y sequence boundary is ε = (1<sub>2</sub> – 1<sub>0</sub>)/1<sub>0</sub> = 2.5%. The strain on the 60-m.y. sequence boundary is ε = (l<sub>1</sub> – 1<sub>0</sub>)/1<sub>0</sub> = 0.5%. All strains are extensional.
[[file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-38.png|thumb|{{figure number|10-38}}See text for explanation.]]
This method provides both an estimate of quantitative strain and the timing of strain. The incremental strain is the strain occurring during the time interval between two sequence boundaries. In the preceding figure, 0.5% strain occurred between 60 Ma and the present, while 2.5% strain occurred between 131 Ma and the present. Consequently, 2.0% strain occurred between 60 and 131 Ma. Strain–time plots display the strain affecting the top seal from the onset of deformation to the present.
==Correction for compaction==
Analysis requires decompaction of the sediments to correct for the apparent strain caused by compaction. In the Central Graben, the effect is generally minimal.
==Empirical threshold for top seal failure==
How much strain can a top seal withstand? In a mature basin, risk assessment of the strain threshold at which failure occurs is determined empirically by analyzing successes and failures. The empirical threshold varies from basin to basin. In a frontier setting, estimates of the strain required for failure must be based on (1) laboratory data on seal properties and (2) estimates of the confining pressure and seal ductility at the time of trap formation.
==Limitations of incremental strain analysis==
Incremental strain analysis provides only an estimate of strain. More detailed calculations of stain may be warranted. Incremental strain analysis is an average of strain over the entire structure. Local areas of high strain can have important control on spill points. Recent analyses have taken shorter line-length increments over the structure to calculate small-scale variations in strain (Koch et al., 1992). In addition, the method assumes fixed end points, whereas a limited amount of flexural slip occurs.
==See also==
* [[Strain analysis of top seals]]
* [[Seal ductility]]
* [[Estimating ductility of top seals]]
* [[Example: evaluating top seal integrity]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]]