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Seal capacity of breached and hydrocarbon-wet seals (view source)
Revision as of 15:41, 31 January 2014
, 15:41, 31 January 2014Initial import
{{publication
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal
| frompg = 10-1
| topg = 10-94
| author = Grant M. Skerlec
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
Hydrocarbon column heights may not be related only to the displacement pressure of the top seal. Once a seal has been breached and hydrocarbons forced through the seal, theoretically the hydrocarbon column will shrink until the buoyant pressure equals the displacement pressure and the system again seals. In practice, however, hydrocarbons continue to flow through the seal until there is no longer a continuous hydrocarbon filament. Although the process is not completely understood, laboratory studies suggest that flow continues until the hydrocarbon column shrinks to half its original height.<ref name=ch10r65>Roof, J., G., 1970, Snap-off of oil droplets in water-wet pores: SPE Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 85–90.</ref><ref name=ch10r67>Schowalter, T., T., 1979, Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon [[migration]] and entrapment: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760.</ref>
==Most traps half full==
The preceding discussion suggests that in basins where there is charge sufficient to fill all traps to maximum seal capacity, traps limited by the capillary properties of intact top seals should be half full.<ref name=ch10r92>Watts, N., L., 1987, Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single and two-phase hydrocarbon columns: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 274–307., 10., 1016/0264-8172(87)90008-0</ref> Rather than the hydrocarbon columns matching the displacement pressures of the seal, all filled traps would have leaked hydrocarbons until the buoyant pressure (P<sub>b</sub>) is half the displacement pressure (P<sub>d</sub>). Continued charging of traps after initial fill could result in larger hydrocarbon columns. Only in basins with insufficient hydrocarbons to fill all traps to the maximum seal capacity, or with charge after leakage, would there be a large number of traps greater than half full.
The following figure illustrates the fill history of a trap with some finite seal capacity that has been filled to seal capacity and then leaked. The final hydrocarbon column is half of that predicted by the displacement pressure of the top seal.
[[file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-54.png|thumb|{{figure number|10-54}}After .<ref name=ch10r6>Boult, P., J., 1993, Membrane seal and tertiary [[migration pathway]]s in the Bodalla South oilfield, Eronmanga Basin, Australia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3–13., 10., 1016/0264-8172(93)90095-A</ref> Copyright: Marine and Petroleum Geology.]]
==Water wet vs. oil wet==
Estimates of seal capacity from measured displacement pressures commonly assume the seal is water wet. Oil-wet seals may be more common than we think. Organic-rich shales, a common top seal, are probably oil wet.<ref name=ch10r15>Cuiec, L., 1987, [[Wettability]] and oil reservoirs, in Kleppe, J., Berg, E., W., Buller, A., T., Hjemeland, O., Torsaeter, O., eds., North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: London, Graham and Trotman, p. 193–207.</ref> Similarly, episodic leakage of hydrocarbons through a seal may alter the seal capacity.
==See also==
* [[Pitfalls and limitations of estimating seal capacity]]
* [[Difficulty of characterizing Pd of a seal]]
* [[Does the theory predict reality?]]
* [[Saturations required for hydrocarbon flow]]
* [[Hydrodynamic flow and pressure transients]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]]
| image = exploring-for-oil-and-gas-traps.png
| width = 120px
| series = Treatise in Petroleum Geology
| title = Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps
| part = Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps
| chapter = Evaluating top and fault seal
| frompg = 10-1
| topg = 10-94
| author = Grant M. Skerlec
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm
| pdf =
| store = http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545
| isbn = 0-89181-602-X
}}
Hydrocarbon column heights may not be related only to the displacement pressure of the top seal. Once a seal has been breached and hydrocarbons forced through the seal, theoretically the hydrocarbon column will shrink until the buoyant pressure equals the displacement pressure and the system again seals. In practice, however, hydrocarbons continue to flow through the seal until there is no longer a continuous hydrocarbon filament. Although the process is not completely understood, laboratory studies suggest that flow continues until the hydrocarbon column shrinks to half its original height.<ref name=ch10r65>Roof, J., G., 1970, Snap-off of oil droplets in water-wet pores: SPE Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 85–90.</ref><ref name=ch10r67>Schowalter, T., T., 1979, Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon [[migration]] and entrapment: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760.</ref>
==Most traps half full==
The preceding discussion suggests that in basins where there is charge sufficient to fill all traps to maximum seal capacity, traps limited by the capillary properties of intact top seals should be half full.<ref name=ch10r92>Watts, N., L., 1987, Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single and two-phase hydrocarbon columns: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 274–307., 10., 1016/0264-8172(87)90008-0</ref> Rather than the hydrocarbon columns matching the displacement pressures of the seal, all filled traps would have leaked hydrocarbons until the buoyant pressure (P<sub>b</sub>) is half the displacement pressure (P<sub>d</sub>). Continued charging of traps after initial fill could result in larger hydrocarbon columns. Only in basins with insufficient hydrocarbons to fill all traps to the maximum seal capacity, or with charge after leakage, would there be a large number of traps greater than half full.
The following figure illustrates the fill history of a trap with some finite seal capacity that has been filled to seal capacity and then leaked. The final hydrocarbon column is half of that predicted by the displacement pressure of the top seal.
[[file:evaluating-top-and-fault-seal_fig10-54.png|thumb|{{figure number|10-54}}After .<ref name=ch10r6>Boult, P., J., 1993, Membrane seal and tertiary [[migration pathway]]s in the Bodalla South oilfield, Eronmanga Basin, Australia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3–13., 10., 1016/0264-8172(93)90095-A</ref> Copyright: Marine and Petroleum Geology.]]
==Water wet vs. oil wet==
Estimates of seal capacity from measured displacement pressures commonly assume the seal is water wet. Oil-wet seals may be more common than we think. Organic-rich shales, a common top seal, are probably oil wet.<ref name=ch10r15>Cuiec, L., 1987, [[Wettability]] and oil reservoirs, in Kleppe, J., Berg, E., W., Buller, A., T., Hjemeland, O., Torsaeter, O., eds., North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: London, Graham and Trotman, p. 193–207.</ref> Similarly, episodic leakage of hydrocarbons through a seal may alter the seal capacity.
==See also==
* [[Pitfalls and limitations of estimating seal capacity]]
* [[Difficulty of characterizing Pd of a seal]]
* [[Does the theory predict reality?]]
* [[Saturations required for hydrocarbon flow]]
* [[Hydrodynamic flow and pressure transients]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{search}}
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch10/ch10.htm Original content in Datapages]
* [http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=545 Find the book in the AAPG Store]
[[Category:Predicting the occurrence of oil and gas traps]]
[[Category:Evaluating top and fault seal]]