Changes

  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X

  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X

}}

}}

High-amplitude (60 to over [[length::100 m]]), high-frequency (fourth- and fifth-order) sea level fluctuations occurred during periods of global continental glaciation (Read, 1996). These icehouse periods were late Precambrian, Pennsylvanian to Early Permian, and Pleistocene.

High-amplitude (60 to over [[length::100 m]]), high-frequency (fourth- and fifth-order; see [[Hierarchy of sequences]]) sea level fluctuations occurred during periods of global continental glaciation.<ref name=ch09r49 /> These icehouse periods were late Precambrian, Pennsylvanian to Early Permian, and Pleistocene (see [http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2013-01.jpg International Chronostratigraphic Chart]).

==General characteristics==

==General characteristics==

The following are general characteristics of carbonate sequences deposited during icehouse conditions:<ref name=ch09r49>Read, J., F., 1995, Overview of carbonate platform sequences, cycle stratigraphy and reservoirs in greenhouse and ice-house worlds, in Read, J., F., Kerans, C., Webber, L., J., Sarg, J., F., Wright, F., M., eds., Milankovitch Sea-level Changes, Cycles, and Reservoirs on Carbonate Platforms in Greenhouse and Ice-house Worlds: SEPM Short Course 35, 183 p. Good summary of concepts of climatic effect on sea level cycles, carbonate deposition, and reservoir development.</ref>

The following are general characteristics of carbonate sequences deposited during icehouse conditions:<ref name=ch09r49>Read, J., F., 1995, Overview of carbonate platform sequences, cycle stratigraphy and reservoirs in greenhouse and ice-house worlds, in Read, J., F., Kerans, C., Webber, L., J., Sarg, J., F., Wright, F., M., eds., Milankovitch Sea-level Changes, Cycles, and Reservoirs on Carbonate Platforms in Greenhouse and Ice-house Worlds: SEPM Short Course 35, 183 p. ''Good summary of concepts of climatic effect on sea level cycles, carbonate deposition, and reservoir development.''</ref>

* Flat-topped platforms with layer cake, 1–10-m-thick fourth-order sequences bounded by regional disconformities; sequences on platform margins shingled

* Flat-topped platforms with layer cake, 1–10-m-thick fourth-order sequences bounded by regional disconformities; sequences on platform margins shingled

* Karstic sinkholes and cave systems extend down through several sequences

* Karstic sinkholes and cave systems extend down through several sequences

* Intense leaching/cementation (and sometimes dolomitization) possible because stillstands repeatedly localize paleowater tables

* Intense leaching/cementation (and sometimes dolomitization) possible because stillstands repeatedly localize paleowater tables

* Diagenesis usually complex because large sea level changes repeatedly cause large vertical and lateral [[migration]] of diagenetic zones

* [http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Diagenesis Diagenesis] usually complex because large sea level changes repeatedly cause large vertical and lateral [[migration]] of diagenetic zones

==Arid zone characteristics==

==Arid zone characteristics==

==High-amplitude sequences schematic==

==High-amplitude sequences schematic==

[[file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-83.png|thumb|{{figure number|1}}.]]

[[file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-83.png|thumb|{{figure number|1}}From Read and Horbury.<ref name=Readandhorbury_1993>Read, J. F., and A. D. Horbury, 1993, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/resmi1/data/a067/a067/0001/0150/0155.htm Eustatic and tectonic controls on porosity evolution beneath sequence-bounding unconformities and parasequence disconformities on carbonate platforms], ''in'' A. D. Horbury and A. G. Robinson, eds., Diagenesis and basin development: AAPG Studies in Geology 36, p. 155-197</ref>]]

[[:file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-83.png|Figure 1]] shows (1) a typical succession of carbonate lithofacies sequences that formed during high-amplitude, high-frequency sea level fluctuations and (2) a corresponding sea level curve related to diagenesis. In this example, sequences lack internal barriers or seals to inhibit the vertical and lateral migration of the paleowater table; therefore, sequence sediments are subjected to a complex sequence of diagenetic events due to large-scale sea level fluctuations. If internal barriers were present, diagenesis would be lessened.

[[:file:predicting-reservoir-system-quality-and-performance_fig9-83.png|Figure 1]] shows (1) a typical succession of carbonate lithofacies sequences that formed during high-amplitude, high-frequency sea level fluctuations and (2) a corresponding sea level curve related to diagenesis. In this example, sequences lack internal barriers or seals to inhibit the vertical and lateral migration of the paleowater table; therefore, sequence sediments are subjected to a complex sequence of diagenetic events due to large-scale sea level fluctuations. If internal barriers were present, diagenesis would be lessened.