Changes

==Production from sheet complexes==

==Production from sheet complexes==

Sheet sandstones form excellent reservoirs. Their characteristics include simple tabular geometries, good lateral continuity, and few erosional features.<ref name=WeimerandSlatt /> A large volume of deep-water sheet sandstones can be produced by a single production well. Width-to-thickness ratios are large, more than 500:1 for sheet complexes compared to a range of 10:1 to 300:1 for channels.<ref name=WeimerandSlatt /> Vertical connectivity can be variable depending on the amount of interbedded shales or the degree of sand-on-sand amalgamation.

Sheet sandstones form excellent reservoirs. Their characteristics include simple tabular geometries, good lateral continuity, and few erosional features.<ref name=WeimerandSlatt /> A large volume of deep-water sheet sandstones can be produced by a single production well. Width-to-thickness ratios are large, more than 500:1 for sheet complexes compared to a range of 10:1 to 300:1 for channels.<ref name=WeimerandSlatt /> Vertical connectivity can be variable depending on the amount of interbedded shales or the degree of sand-on-sand amalgamation.

Thin but laterally extensive mud blankets, either deposited from hemipelagic settling or the muddy tails of turbidity flows, can form permeability barriers to vertical flow in these systems (e.g., Hempton et al).<ref>Hempton, M., J. Marshall, S. Sadler, N. Hogg, R. Charles, and C. Harvey, 2005, Turbidite reservoirs of the Sele Formation, central North Sea: Geological challenges for improving production, in A. G. Dore and B. A. Vining, eds., Petroleum geology: Northwest Europe and global perspectives: Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Geological Society (London), v. 1, p. 449–459.</ref> Shales representing maximum flooding surfaces are commonly permeability barriers. Large-scale debris flows also have the potential to form baffles and barriers. Shales can subdivide the reservoir into several hydraulic units.<ref>Lowry, P., C. D. Jenkins, and D. J. Phelps, 1993, Reservoir scale sand body architecture of Pliocene turbidite sequences, Long Beach Unit, Wilmington oil field, California: Presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, October 3–6, Houston, Texas, SPE Paper 26440, 10 p.</ref> In certain favorable circumstances, these blanket shales can lead to a more efficient recovery by encouraging edge-water drive and suppressing bottom-water influx into the basal perforations of production wells. This type of flow behavior can be recognized on the basis of formation tester pressure discontinuities (see Figure 112) and slow-rising oil-water contacts on pulsed neutron logs. A typical management strategy in deep-water reservoirs with extensive shales is to isolate water-producing perforations in production wells by setting a plug in the well opposite one of these shale barriers.

Thin but laterally extensive mud blankets, either deposited from hemipelagic settling or the muddy tails of turbidity flows, can form permeability barriers to vertical flow in these systems (e.g., Hempton et al).<ref>Hempton, M., J. Marshall, S. Sadler, N. Hogg, R. Charles, and C. Harvey, 2005, Turbidite reservoirs of the Sele Formation, central North Sea: Geological challenges for improving production, in A. G. Dore and B. A. Vining, eds., Petroleum geology: Northwest Europe and global perspectives: Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Geological Society (London), v. 1, p. 449–459.</ref> Shales representing maximum flooding surfaces are commonly permeability barriers. Large-scale debris flows also have the potential to form baffles and barriers. Shales can subdivide the reservoir into several hydraulic units.<ref>Lowry, P., C. D. Jenkins, and D. J. Phelps, 1993, Reservoir scale sand body architecture of Pliocene turbidite sequences, Long Beach Unit, Wilmington oil field, California: Presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, October 3–6, Houston, Texas, SPE Paper 26440, 10 p.</ref> In certain favorable circumstances, these blanket shales can lead to a more efficient recovery by encouraging edge-water drive and suppressing bottom-water influx into the basal perforations of production wells. This type of flow behavior can be recognized on the basis of formation tester pressure discontinuities ([[:File:M91FG112.JPG|Figure 4]]) and slow-rising oil-water contacts on pulsed neutron logs. A typical management strategy in deep-water reservoirs with extensive shales is to isolate water-producing perforations in production wells by setting a plug in the well opposite one of these shale barriers.

Water overrun above laterally extensive shales is a common feature in sheet complexes. Stranded oil can be found under these shales. Blanket shales also have the potential to form multiple attic oil targets under local structural culminations in deep-water sediments ([[:File:M91FG194.JPG|Figure 2c]]).

Water overrun above laterally extensive shales is a common feature in sheet complexes. Stranded oil can be found under these shales. Blanket shales also have the potential to form multiple attic oil targets under local structural culminations in deep-water sediments ([[:File:M91FG194.JPG|Figure 2c]]).