Changes

== Boundary types ==

== Boundary types ==

The majority of Lwandle's plate boundaries are not well understood.<ref>Stamps et al, Sarah (2008). "A kinematic model for the East African Rift". Geophysical Research Letters 35 (5). doi:10.1029/2007GL032781</ref> What is known is:

The majority of Lwandle's plate boundaries are not well understood.<ref name=Stampsetal /> What is known is:

* '''Southern Boundary''' - The Southwest Indian Ridge, an ultra-slow [[spreading ridge]] with a slow spreading rate of about 12-18 mm/yr, acts as the southern boundary.<ref>Saria, E (April 2014). "Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119 (4). doi:10.1002/2013JB010901</ref><ref>Horner-Johnson, Benjamin; Gordon, Richard; Cowles, Sara; Argus, Donald (2005). "The angular velocity of Nubia relative to Somalia and the location of the Nubia—Somalia–Antarctica triple junction". Geophysical Journal International 199 (3): 221–238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02608.x</ref> This spreading ridge separates Lwandle from the Antarctic plate.<ref>Chu, Dezhi; Gordon, Richard (1999). "Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge". Nature 398. doi:10.1038/18014</ref>

* '''Southern Boundary''' - The Southwest Indian Ridge, an ultra-slow [[spreading ridge]] with a slow spreading rate of about 12-18 mm/yr, acts as the southern boundary.<ref name=Saria /><ref name=H-J2005 /> This spreading ridge separates Lwandle from the Antarctic plate.<ref name=Chu&Gordon>Chu, D., and R. Gordon, 1999, Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge: Nature, vol. 398. doi:10.1038/18014</ref>

* '''Eastern Boundary''' - To the east, the boundary may be more of a diffuse boundary. There are current studies trying to pinpoint the exact location of this boundary; it is believed to cut across Madagascar, making it Lwandle's only boundary that is not purely oceanic. Earthquake slip vectors are the primary constraint that predict the actual plate boundaries. Velocity predicted at this boundary is 1.3-1.4 mm/yr.<ref>DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (2010). "Geologically current plate motions". Geophys. J. Int 1–80: 39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x</ref> This boundary separates Lwandle from the Somali Plate.<ref>DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (2010). "Geologically current plate motions". Geophys. J. Int 1–80: 39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x</ref>

* '''Eastern Boundary''' - To the east, the boundary may be more of a diffuse boundary. There are current studies trying to pinpoint the exact location of this boundary; it is believed to cut across Madagascar, making it Lwandle's only boundary that is not purely oceanic. Earthquake slip vectors are the primary constraint that predict the actual plate boundaries. Velocity predicted at this boundary is 1.3-1.4 mm/yr. This boundary separates Lwandle from the Somali Plate.<ref name=Demetsetal />

* '''Western Boundary''' - The western boundary is especially poorly understood; there is very little [[seismic activity]] along this boundary.<ref> Hartnady, C.J.H. (2002). "Earthquake hazard in Africa : perspectives on the Nubia-Somalia boundary : news and view". South African Journal of Science 98 (9 & 10): 425–428.</ref> Despite that, a misfit to a seafloor [[magnetic anomaly]] strongly suggests that motion exists.<ref>DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (2010). "Geologically current plate motions". Geophys. J. Int 1–80: 39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x</ref><ref> Lemaux, James; Gordon, Richard; Royer, Jean-Yves (2002). "Location of the Nubia-Somalia boundary along the Southwest Indian Ridge". Geology 42 (10).</ref> Some models suggest it is a right-lateral strike slip boundary with a rate of about 1 mm/yr, with some extension.<ref>Stamps et al, Sarah (2008). "A kinematic model for the East African Rift". Geophysical Research Letters 35 (5). doi:10.1029/2007GL032781</ref> Still, others even suggest that motion ceased at this boundary approximately 11 million years ago.<ref>Patriat, Philippe; Sloan, Heather; Sauter, Daniel (October 2014). "From slow to ultraslow: A previously undetected event at the Southwest Indian Ridge at ca. 24 Ma". Geology 42 (10). doi:10.1130/G24270A.1</ref><ref>DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (2010). "Geologically current plate motions". Geophys. J. Int 1–80: 39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x</ref> This boundary separates Lawndale from the Nubian Plate.<ref>DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (2010). "Geologically current plate motions". Geophys. J. Int 1–80: 39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x</ref>

* '''Western Boundary''' - The western boundary is especially poorly understood; there is very little [[seismic activity]] along this boundary.<ref name=Hartnady /> Despite that, a misfit to a seafloor [[magnetic anomaly]] strongly suggests that motion exists.<ref name=Demetsetal /><ref name=Lemaux&Royer> Lemaux, J., R. Gordon, J.-Y. Royer, 2002, Location of the Nubia-Somalia boundary along the Southwest Indian Ridge: Geology, vol. 42, issue 10.</ref> Some models suggest it is a right-lateral strike slip boundary with a rate of about 1 mm/yr, with some extension.<ref name=Stampsetal /> Still, others even suggest that motion ceased at this boundary approximately 11 million years ago.<ref name=Patriatetal>Patriat, P., H. Sloan, and D. Sauter, 2014, From slow to ultraslow: A previously undetected event at the Southwest Indian Ridge at ca. 24 Ma: Geology, vol. 42, issue 10. doi:10.1130/G24270A.1</ref> This boundary separates Lawndale from the Nubian Plate.<ref name=Demetsetal />

* '''Northern Boundary''' - Bordering the Lwandle plate to the north is the Romuva plate.<ref>Stamps et al, Sarah (2008). "A kinematic model for the East African Rift". Geophysical Research Letters 35 (5). doi:10.1029/2007GL032781</ref>

* '''Northern Boundary''' - Bordering the Lwandle plate to the north is the Romuva plate.<ref name=Stampsetal />

== Modern movements ==

== Modern movements ==