Changes

 

In geological field, maps which were generated from data whom researchers had collected which then would be portrayed onto a basic map -which in general gives information about Earth’s reliefs interpretation- and then described on a flat plane, called geological map. Geological maps give informations about geological conditions on particular area which includes rocks units and its structures. From geological map, we can obtain type of rocks, thickness, lithologies bearings (strike and dips), faults, folds, fractures, or many processes have had occured on earlier time.

In geological field, maps which were generated from data whom researchers had collected which then would be portrayed onto a basic map -which in general gives information about Earth’s reliefs interpretation- and then described on a flat plane, called geological map. Geological maps give informations about geological conditions on particular area which includes rocks units and its structures. From geological map, we can obtain type of rocks, thickness, lithologies bearings (strike and dips), faults, folds, fractures, or many processes have had occured on earlier time.

The idea of making original map of rocks distribution was coined in 1684 by Martin Lister (1639-1712). Lister stated that the distribution of different types of British landscape could be accurately represented on topographic maps.  

The idea of making original map of rocks distribution was coined in 1684 by Martin Lister (1639-1712). Lister stated that the distribution of different types of British landscape could be accurately represented on topographic maps.  

 

”The Soil might either be coloured, by variety of Lines, or Etchings; but the great care must be, very exactly to note upon the Map”

''”The Soil might either be coloured, by variety of Lines, or Etchings; but the great care must be, very exactly to note upon the Map”

 

Which Lister concluded that the soil types mapping can also maps the distribution of rocks in the subsurface. Yet, the next important stage from Lister is not continued.

Which Lister concluded that the soil types mapping can also maps the distribution of rocks in the subsurface. Yet, the next important stage from Lister is not continued.

Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730) created topographic maps for military use of the visited countries (Italy, France, Germany, the Balkans, and Turkey). Marsigli published a mining district map in Hungary and sketched the distribution of sulfur near his hometown, Bologna (1717). Probably, the first geological map drawn by an anonymous naval cartographer in 1757 where in the Heligoland islands he added boundaries of four different types of rocks.<ref>Franceschelli, C. &Marabini, S. 2006: Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730): A Pioneer In Geomorphological And Archaeological Surveying. In Vai, G.B. Ed, The Origins Of Geology In Italy: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 411: 129-139</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, D. (2013): Maps As Pictures Or Diagrams: The Early Development Of Geological Maps. In Baker, V.R. Ed, Rethinking The Fabric Of Geology: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 502: 41-101</ref>

Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730) created topographic maps for military use of the visited countries (Italy, France, Germany, the Balkans, and Turkey). Marsigli published a mining district map in Hungary and sketched the distribution of sulfur near his hometown, Bologna (1717). Probably, the first geological map drawn by an anonymous naval cartographer in 1757 where in the Heligoland islands he added boundaries of four different types of rocks.<ref>Franceschelli, C. &Marabini, S. 2006: Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730): A Pioneer In Geomorphological And Archaeological Surveying. In Vai, G.B. Ed, The Origins Of Geology In Italy: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 411: 129-139</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, D. (2013): Maps As Pictures Or Diagrams: The Early Development Of Geological Maps. In Baker, V.R. Ed, Rethinking The Fabric Of Geology: Geological Society Of America Special Paper 502: 41-101</ref>

==Types of Geological Map==

==Types of Geological Map==

Geological map is divided into several types:

Geological map is divided into several types:

==How To Make Geological Map==

==How To Make Geological Map==

<big>The main equipment needed to do geological mapping is:</big>

The main equipment needed to do geological mapping is:

 

# Base Map: is used to show an overview of the area that will be mapped.

# Base Map: is used to show an overview of the area that will be mapped.

# Compass and Clinometer: is used to measure the strike and dip from a rocks and geological structure.  

# Compass and Clinometer: is used to measure the strike and dip from a rocks and geological structure.  

# GPS: is used to determine the outcrop location.

# GPS: is used to determine the outcrop location.

<big>The steps to do geological mapping activity is:</big>

The steps to do geological mapping activity is:

 

# We make outcrop observation, and make a description of it.  

# We make outcrop observation, and make a description of it.  

# We measure the position of rocks (strike and dip), geological structure elements, and other geological  elements.

# We measure the position of rocks (strike and dip), geological structure elements, and other geological  elements.

# We Determine the outcrop location by using GPS.

# We Determine the outcrop location by using GPS.

<big>Steps to create geological maps:</big>

Steps to create geological maps:

 

: 1. Make Geological Maps Framework

1. Make Geological Maps Framework

Geological maps framework is a set of data that is used to the process of makinga map. The contents is:, symbols of station number (track); types of rock symbol; Plotting symbol of strike/dip; Plotting symbol of structure element.

Geological maps framework is a set of data that is used to the process of makinga map. The contents is:, symbols of station number (track); types of rock symbol; Plotting symbol of strike/dip; Plotting symbol of structure element.

[[File:1.jpg|400px|thumbnail|center|Figure 1 Lithology of Outcrop and Field Structure Sketch. <ref>Zakaria, Zulfiadi. 2011. Manajemen Pemetaan Geologi: Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran</ref>]]

[[File:1.jpg|400px|thumbnail|center|Figure 1 Lithology of Outcrop and Field Structure Sketch. <ref>Zakaria, Zulfiadi. 2011. Manajemen Pemetaan Geologi: Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran</ref>]]

2. Make a Strike and Dip Map

: 2. Make a Strike and Dip Map

This map shows the plots of strike and dipfrom a region. In the reconstruction, it  necessary some step:

This map shows the plots of strike and dipfrom a region. In the reconstruction, it  necessary some step:

* Inventory a required data, such as strike and dip, and the description ofrockintorock unitsalong withits contacts as well asan indication ofthe geologicalstructures(faults, folding)

* Inventory a required data, such as strike and dip, and the description ofrockintorock unitsalong withits contacts as well asan indication ofthe geologicalstructures(faults, folding)

[[File:3.jpg|400px|thumbnail|center|Figure 3 Data Plot on 25°<ref>Zakaria, Zulfiadi. 2011. Manajemen Pemetaan Geologi: Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran</ref>]]

[[File:3.jpg|400px|thumbnail|center|Figure 3 Data Plot on 25°<ref>Zakaria, Zulfiadi. 2011. Manajemen Pemetaan Geologi: Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran</ref>]]

 

: 3. Make Geological Map

3. Make Geological Map

Some things that need to be considered in making geological maps is: determining the spread of the unit and formation. restrict the lithology in accordance with the lithology contacts on the strike and dip map. Also  draw the location of geological structures in accordance with the boundary of the strike and dip map. Give lithology colour in accordance with the standards colour and provide explanation too. And the last, make the cross section from its map

Some things that need to be considered in making geological maps is: determining the spread of the unit and formation. restrict the lithology in accordance with the lithology contacts on the strike and dip map. Also  draw the location of geological structures in accordance with the boundary of the strike and dip map. Give lithology colour in accordance with the standards colour and provide explanation too. And the last, make the cross section from its map

Geological maps can not be considered complete until there is at least one cross section has been created to show the geology below the surface. Cross section describes the structure of a region that is much clearer than a planimetris map.cross section can be drawn in addition to a map of the fair copy,and simplified again as an illustration in a cross section of the report.it can show geological formation boundary at depth,and can also be used to display a fault, cleavage and surface folds on the map.

Geological maps can not be considered complete until there is at least one cross section has been created to show the geology below the surface. Cross section describes the structure of a region that is much clearer than a planimetris map.cross section can be drawn in addition to a map of the fair copy,and simplified again as an illustration in a cross section of the report.it can show geological formation boundary at depth,and can also be used to display a fault, cleavage and surface folds on the map.

<big>Measures to make a Cross section:</big>

Measures to make a Cross section:

# Draw the line section (A-B) on face of the map.

# Draw the line section (A-B) on face of the map.

# Fasten the map to the drawing board or table with the line Section in parallel on the lower edges of the drawing board or table,

# Fasten the map to the drawing board or table with the line Section in parallel on the lower edges of the drawing board or table,

[[File:8.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Figure 8 Strike and Dip<ref>http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/rocksym.htm</ref>]]

[[File:8.jpg|250px|thumbnail|center|Figure 8 Strike and Dip<ref>http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/rocksym.htm</ref>]]

 

==References==

 

==Reference==

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