Changes

[[Deformation]] of the lithosphere in the plane of the earth occurs as a result of near horizontal maximum and minimum principal stresses. The resulting zones of subsidence are known as strike-slip or pull apart basins. Basins formed through strike-slip action occur where a vertical fault plane curves. When the curve in the fault plane moves apart, a region of transtension results, creating a basin. Another term for a transtensional basin is a rhombochasm. A classic rhombochasm is illustrated by the Dead Sea rift, where northward movement of the Arabian Plate relative to the Anatolian Plate has caused a rhombochasm.

[[Deformation]] of the lithosphere in the plane of the earth occurs as a result of near horizontal maximum and minimum principal stresses. The resulting zones of subsidence are known as strike-slip or pull apart basins. Basins formed through strike-slip action occur where a vertical fault plane curves. When the curve in the fault plane moves apart, a region of transtension results, creating a basin. Another term for a transtensional basin is a rhombochasm. A classic rhombochasm is illustrated by the Dead Sea rift, where northward movement of the Arabian Plate relative to the Anatolian Plate has caused a rhombochasm.

The opposite effect is that of transpression, where converging movement of a curved fault plane causes collision of the opposing sides of the fault. An example is the San Bernardino Mountains north of Los Angeles, which result from convergence along a curve in the San Andreas Fault system. The Northridge earthquake was caused by vertical movement along local thrust and reverse faults bunching up against the bend in the otherwise strike-slip fault environment. In Nigeria, the dominant type of [[basement]] rock intersected by wells drilled for hydrocarbons, limestone, or water is granite. The three sedimentary basins in Nigeria are underlain by continental crust except in the Niger delta, where the basement rock is interpreted to be oceanic crust. Most of the wells that penetrated the basement are in the Eastern Dahomey embayment of western Nigeria. A maximum thickness of about 12,000 m of sedimentary rocks is attained in the offshore western Niger delta, but maximum thicknesses of sedimentary rocks are about 2,000 m in the Chad basin and only 500 m in the Sokoto embayment.

The opposite effect is that of transpression, where converging movement of a curved fault plane causes collision of the opposing sides of the fault. An example is the San Bernardino Mountains north of Los Angeles, which result from convergence along a curve in the San Andreas Fault system. The Northridge earthquake was caused by vertical movement along local thrust and reverse faults bunching up against the bend in the otherwise strike-slip fault environment. In Nigeria, the dominant type of [[basement]] rock intersected by wells drilled for hydrocarbons, limestone, or water is granite. The three sedimentary basins in Nigeria are underlain by continental crust except in the Niger delta, where the basement rock is interpreted to be oceanic crust. Most of the wells that penetrated the basement are in the Eastern Dahomey embayment of western Nigeria. A maximum thickness of about 12,000 m of sedimentary rocks is attained in the offshore western Niger delta, but maximum thicknesses of sedimentary rocks are about 2000 m in the Chad basin and only 500 m in the Sokoto embayment.

==References==

==References==

==Other sources==

==Other sources==

* Christian Vérard, Cyril Hochard, Peter O. Baumgartner, Gérard M. Stampfli. 2015. ''Geodynamic evolution of the Earth over the Phanerozoic: Plate tectonic activity and palaeoclimatic indicators''. Journal of Palaeogeography, 4(2): 167-188.

* Vérard, C., C. Hochard, P. O. Baumgartner, and G. M. Stampfli, 2015, Geodynamic evolution of the Earth over the Phanerozoic: Plate tectonic activity and palaeoclimatic indicators: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 4, no. 2, p. 167–188.

* http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/vageol/vahist/plates.html

* Fichtel, S., [http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/vageol/vahist/plates.html Plate Tectonic Theory: Plate Boundaries and Interplate Relationships],

* http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._GEOGRAFI/195901011989011-YAKUB_MALIK/HANDOUT_TEKTONIK_LEMPENG.pdf

* [http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._GEOGRAFI/195901011989011-YAKUB_MALIK/HANDOUT_TEKTONIK_LEMPENG.pdf Ringkasan Materi Tektonik Lempeng Dan Batuan]

* http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783540788362-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-615210-p173825306

* http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783540788362-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-615210-p173825306

* http://www.le.ac.uk/gl/art/gl209/lecture3/lecture3.html

* http://www.le.ac.uk/gl/art/gl209/lecture3/lecture3.html

* http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-110-sedimentary-geology-spring-2007/lecture-notes/ch11.pdf

* http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-110-sedimentary-geology-spring-2007/lecture-notes/ch11.pdf

* http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Wilson/Wilson.html

* http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Wilson/Wilson.html