Changes

[[file:GumelarFigure4.jpg|center|framed|{{figure number|4}}Allan Mapping Principles<ref name=Allan_1989 />. (A) Fault displacement can provide a cross-fault seal by juxtaposing impermeable units against potential reservoir units. (B) In three dimensions, the interactions of juxtaposed units on the fault surface can be complex. (C) Allan's Mapping technique resolves the fault surface into a flat plane and maps the position of the footwall and hanging-wall. The trap and spill point can then be determined from the alignment of the lithology units.]]

[[file:GumelarFigure4.jpg|center|framed|{{figure number|4}}Allan Mapping Principles<ref name=Allan_1989 />. (A) Fault displacement can provide a cross-fault seal by juxtaposing impermeable units against potential reservoir units. (B) In three dimensions, the interactions of juxtaposed units on the fault surface can be complex. (C) Allan's Mapping technique resolves the fault surface into a flat plane and maps the position of the footwall and hanging-wall. The trap and spill point can then be determined from the alignment of the lithology units.]]

[[file:GumelarFigure5.jpg|thumb|300px|{{figure number|5}}Juxtaposition diagram<ref name=Knipe_1997 />. (A) Simple normal fault with increasing linear displacement from left to right. (B) Generic juxtaposition diagram with the order of the footwall completely offsetting itself.]]

Allan's Mapping Technique produces a two-dimensional model of the 3-D fault surface. It is a static model showing the lithological cut-off relationship across the fault surface for a specific temporal stage in the fault deformation history. Therefore, this model is less used in distinguishing cross-fault lithology relationships for other temporal stages in the structural evolution of faults. Knipe<ref name=Knipe_1997>Knipe, R. J., 1997, Juxtaposition and seal diagrams to help analyze fault seals in hydrocarbon reservoirs: AAPG Bulletin, v. 81, p. 187-195.</ref> introduced a technique known as the Juxtaposition Diagram ([[:file:GumelarFigure5.jpg|Figure 5]]) which can be used to determine the relative alignment of the lithology for each structural configuration. This technique uses a one-dimensional stratigraphic column of the footwall at a single spatial point along the length of the fault surface, vertically offsetting itself, to construct a diagram showing the relative alignment of the lithology across faults for a hanging-wall thrown between zero and maximum (usually equal to vertical thickness. stratigraphic column). Subject to the assumption that the footwall and hanging-wall stratigraphy are identical, the alignment relationship for the number of throwlines can be ascertained by dropping the throwline through the corresponding position on the diagram ([[:file:GumelarFigure5.jpg|Figure 5]]) using this technique, the alignment of the relationship positions at any point in time in the structural evolution of the fault can be investigated.

Allan's Mapping Technique produces a two-dimensional model of the 3-D fault surface. It is a static model showing the lithological cut-off relationship across the fault surface for a specific temporal stage in the fault deformation history. Therefore, this model is less used in distinguishing cross-fault lithology relationships for other temporal stages in the structural evolution of faults. Knipe<ref name=Knipe_1997>Knipe, R. J., 1997, Juxtaposition and seal diagrams to help analyze fault seals in hydrocarbon reservoirs: AAPG Bulletin, v. 81, p. 187-195.</ref> introduced a technique known as the Juxtaposition Diagram ([[:file:GumelarFigure5.jpg|Figure 5]]) which can be used to determine the relative alignment of the lithology for each structural configuration. This technique uses a one-dimensional stratigraphic column of the footwall at a single spatial point along the length of the fault surface, vertically offsetting itself, to construct a diagram showing the relative alignment of the lithology across faults for a hanging-wall thrown between zero and maximum (usually equal to vertical thickness. stratigraphic column). Subject to the assumption that the footwall and hanging-wall stratigraphy are identical, the alignment relationship for the number of throwlines can be ascertained by dropping the throwline through the corresponding position on the diagram ([[:file:GumelarFigure5.jpg|Figure 5]]) using this technique, the alignment of the relationship positions at any point in time in the structural evolution of the fault can be investigated.

[[file:GumelarFigure5.jpg|center|framed|{{figure number|5}}Juxtaposition diagram<ref name=Knipe_1997 />. (A) Simple normal fault with increasing linear displacement from left to right. (B) Generic juxtaposition diagram with the order of the footwall completely offsetting itself.]]

[[file:GumelarFigure6.jpg|thumb|300px|{{figure number|6}}Displacement factor algorithm for estimating clay smears in the fault plane. (a) Potential Clay Smear; (b) Shale Gouge Ratio; (c) Shale Smear Factor (redrawn from <ref name=Yieldingetal_1997 />).]]

[[file:GumelarFigure6.jpg|thumb|300px|{{figure number|6}}Displacement factor algorithm for estimating clay smears in the fault plane. (a) Potential Clay Smear; (b) Shale Gouge Ratio; (c) Shale Smear Factor (redrawn from <ref name=Yieldingetal_1997 />).]]