Changes

* North Andes Plate

* North Andes Plate

=Plate Movements=

=Plate Motion=

The tectonic plates of the earth is not stationary, but moves relative with the speed of 1 to 10 cm per year. The movement of the earth's crustal plates that collide with each other will  form the subduction zone and cause the forces acting both horizontally and vertically, which will form the folds of the mountains, volcanoes track or magmatic, fracturing the rock, and the lines of tectonic earthquakes and the formation of a particular region. Moreover, that will also form various types of deposition of sedimentary basins such as trench, fore arc basin, back arc basin, and basin between the mountains.

The tectonic plates of the earth is not stationary, but moves relative with the speed of 1 to 10 cm per year. The movement of the earth's crustal plates that collide with each other will  form the subduction zone and cause the forces acting both horizontally and vertically, which will form the folds of the mountains, volcanoes track or magmatic, fracturing the rock, and the lines of tectonic earthquakes and the formation of a particular region. Moreover, that will also form various types of deposition of sedimentary basins such as trench, fore arc basin, back arc basin, and basin between the mountains.

[[File:Ocean-ocean.jpg|framed|center|Ocean-Ocean Convergent <ref> http://oceansjsu.com/images/exp5_oceanocean_conv.gif </ref>]]

[[File:Ocean-ocean.jpg|framed|center|Ocean-Ocean Convergent <ref> http://oceansjsu.com/images/exp5_oceanocean_conv.gif </ref>]]

[[File:Continental-ocean.jpg|framed|center |Ocean-Continent Convergent <ref> http://geology.com/usgs/gold-prospecting/convergent-boundary-and-magma.jpg </ref>]]

[[File:Continental-ocean.jpg|framed|center |Ocean-Continent Convergent <ref> http://geology.com/usgs/gold-prospecting/convergent-boundary-and-magma.jpg </ref>]]

[[File:Cont-cont.jpg|framed|center|Continent-Continent Divergent <ref> http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/contvscont289x153.gif </ref>]]

[[File:Cont-cont.jpg|framed|center|Continent-Continent Convergent <ref> http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/contvscont289x153.gif </ref>]]

==The Cause of Plate Motion==

==The Cause of Plate Motion==

The obduction of one tectonic plate onto another also causes a load and often results in the creation of a foreland basin, such as the Po basin next to the Alps in Italy, the Molasse Basin next to the Alps in Germany, or the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain.

The obduction of one tectonic plate onto another also causes a load and often results in the creation of a foreland basin, such as the Po basin next to the Alps in Italy, the Molasse Basin next to the Alps in Germany, or the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain.

===Strike-slip deformation===

===Strike-Slip deformation===

Deformation of the lithosphere in the plane of the earth occurs as a result of near horizontal maximum and minimum principal stresses. The resulting zones of subsidence are known as strike-slip or pull apart basins. Basins formed through strike-slip action occur where a vertical fault plane curves. When the curve in the fault plane moves apart, a region of transtension results, creating a basin. Another term for a transtensional basin is a rhombochasm. A classic rhombochasm is illustrated by the Dead Sea rift, where northward movement of the Arabian Plate relative to the Anatolian Plate has caused a rhombochasm.

Deformation of the lithosphere in the plane of the earth occurs as a result of near horizontal maximum and minimum principal stresses. The resulting zones of subsidence are known as strike-slip or pull apart basins. Basins formed through strike-slip action occur where a vertical fault plane curves. When the curve in the fault plane moves apart, a region of transtension results, creating a basin. Another term for a transtensional basin is a rhombochasm. A classic rhombochasm is illustrated by the Dead Sea rift, where northward movement of the Arabian Plate relative to the Anatolian Plate has caused a rhombochasm.

The opposite effect is that of transpression, where converging movement of a curved fault plane causes collision of the opposing sides of the fault. An example is the San Bernardino Mountains north of Los Angeles, which result from convergence along a curve in the San Andreas fault system. The Northridge earthquake was caused by vertical movement along local thrust and reverse faults bunching up against the bend in the otherwise strike-slip fault environment. In Nigeria, the dominant type of basement rock intersected by wells drilled for hydrocarbons, limestone, or water is granite. The three sedimentary basins in Nigeria are underlain by continental crust except in the Niger delta, where the basement rock is interpreted to be oceanic crust. Most of the wells that penetrated the basement are in the Eastern Dahomey embayment of western Nigeria. A maximum thickness of about 12,000 m of sedimentary rocks is attained in the offshore western Niger delta, but maximum thicknesses of sedimentary rocks are about 2,000 m in the Chad basin and only 500 m in the Sokoto embayment.

The opposite effect is that of transpression, where converging movement of a curved fault plane causes collision of the opposing sides of the fault. An example is the San Bernardino Mountains north of Los Angeles, which result from convergence along a curve in the San Andreas Fault system. The Northridge earthquake was caused by vertical movement along local thrust and reverse faults bunching up against the bend in the otherwise strike-slip fault environment. In Nigeria, the dominant type of basement rock intersected by wells drilled for hydrocarbons, limestone, or water is granite. The three sedimentary basins in Nigeria are underlain by continental crust except in the Niger delta, where the basement rock is interpreted to be oceanic crust. Most of the wells that penetrated the basement are in the Eastern Dahomey embayment of western Nigeria. A maximum thickness of about 12,000 m of sedimentary rocks is attained in the offshore western Niger delta, but maximum thicknesses of sedimentary rocks are about 2,000 m in the Chad basin and only 500 m in the Sokoto embayment.

=Reference=

=References=

<references />

<references />

* Carlson, Plummer, Hammersley. ''PHYSICAL GEOLOGY: Earth Revealed''. 9th edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011. ISBN 978-0-07-122184-9

* Carlson, Plummer, Hammersley. ''PHYSICAL GEOLOGY: Earth Revealed''. 9th edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2011. ISBN 978-0-07-122184-9