Difference between revisions of "Hydrodynamics"
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| part = Critical elements of the petroleum system | | part = Critical elements of the petroleum system | ||
| chapter = Formation fluid pressure and its application | | chapter = Formation fluid pressure and its application | ||
| − | | frompg = 5- | + | | frompg = 5-58 |
| − | | topg = 5- | + | | topg = 5-59 |
| author = Edward A. Beaumont, Forrest Fiedler | | author = Edward A. Beaumont, Forrest Fiedler | ||
| link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch05/ch05.htm | | link = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch05/ch05.htm | ||
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| isbn = 0-89181-602-X | | isbn = 0-89181-602-X | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Hydrodynamics describes lateral fluid movement through aquifers that have generally low dip. The fluids can have a vertical component to their movement but, on a basinwide scale, the lateral flow component is of major concern. | + | Hydrodynamics describes [[lateral]] fluid movement through [http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html aquifers that] have generally low [[dip]]. The fluids can have a vertical component to their movement but, on a basinwide scale, the lateral flow component is of major concern. |
===Hydraulic head=== | ===Hydraulic head=== | ||
| − | [[file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-35.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Relationship of the variables Hw and Z used in the hydraulic head equation.]] | + | [[file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-35.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|1}}Relationship of the variables Hw and Z used in the hydraulic head equation. From Hubbert;<ref name=ch05r11 /> courtesy AAPG.]] |
| − | Hydraulic head (H<sub>w</sub>) is the height or elevation above a given subsurface point at which a column connected to a body of water will equilibrate. It reflects the level of the potential energy possessed by the water.<ref name=ch05r5>Dahlberg, E. | + | Hydraulic head (H<sub>w</sub>) is the height or elevation above a given subsurface point at which a column connected to a body of water will equilibrate. It reflects the level of the potential energy possessed by the water.<ref name=ch05r5>Dahlberg, E. C., 1994, Applied Hydrodynamics in Petroleum Exploration, 2nd ed.: New York, Springer-Verlag, 295 p. ''Excellent subsurface fluid pressure reference. Covers hydrodynamic and static fluids.''</ref> |
The equation for hydraulic head is | The equation for hydraulic head is | ||
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* P = measured pressure (lb/ft<sup>2</sup> or kg/cm<sup>2</sup>) | * P = measured pressure (lb/ft<sup>2</sup> or kg/cm<sup>2</sup>) | ||
* ρ = density of fluid (lb/ft<sup>3</sup> or g/cm<sup>3</sup>) | * ρ = density of fluid (lb/ft<sup>3</sup> or g/cm<sup>3</sup>) | ||
| − | * g = coefficient of gravity (lb force/lb mass or kg force/kg mass) | + | * g = coefficient of [[gravity]] (lb force/lb mass or kg force/kg mass) |
[[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-35.png|Figure 1]] illustrates the relationship of the variables H<sub>w</sub> and Z used in the above equation. | [[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-35.png|Figure 1]] illustrates the relationship of the variables H<sub>w</sub> and Z used in the above equation. | ||
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:<math>\Phi = \mbox{gH}_{\rm w} = \mbox{gZ} + \frac{\mbox{P}}{\rho}</math> | :<math>\Phi = \mbox{gH}_{\rm w} = \mbox{gZ} + \frac{\mbox{P}}{\rho}</math> | ||
| − | According to Dahlberg<ref name=ch05r5 /> | + | According to Dahlberg<ref name=ch05r5 />, hydraulic head serves as a practical approximation of fluid potential, since the only difference is the coefficient of gravity (g), which is fairly constant. |
===Potentiometric surface=== | ===Potentiometric surface=== | ||
| − | [[file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow.]] | + | [[file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. From Schowalter;<ref name=Schowalter1979>Schowalter, T. T., 1979, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0063/0005/0700/0723.htm Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760. ''Covers many fluid behavior principles, including pressure, with broad application to petroleum exploration.''</ref> courtesy AAPG.]] |
| − | The | + | The potentiometric surface is the surface defined by the hydraulic head (elevation) from a rock unit from several different wells. If the potentiometric surface for a given subsurface rock unit is horizontal, then the potential energy of the water in that formation is constant and the water is at rest (hydrostatic). If the potentiometric surface is sloping, then the water moves (hydrodynamic) in the direction of the greatest downward slope.<ref name=ch05r11>Hubbert, K., 1953, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1953-56/data/pg/0037/0008/1950/1954.htm Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 8, p. 1954–2026. ''The original paper that proposed hydrodynamics as an important trapping mechanism.''</ref> |
| − | [[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|Figure 2]] shows the | + | [[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|Figure 2]] shows the potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. The pressure-depth plot shows hypothetical pressure gradients for each condition. |
===See also=== | ===See also=== | ||
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[[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]] | [[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]] | ||
[[Category:Formation fluid pressure and its application]] | [[Category:Formation fluid pressure and its application]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Treatise Handbook 3]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:04, 17 February 2022
| Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps | |
| |
| Series | Treatise in Petroleum Geology |
|---|---|
| Part | Critical elements of the petroleum system |
| Chapter | Formation fluid pressure and its application |
| Author | Edward A. Beaumont, Forrest Fiedler |
| Link | Web page |
| Store | AAPG Store |
Hydrodynamics describes lateral fluid movement through aquifers that have generally low dip. The fluids can have a vertical component to their movement but, on a basinwide scale, the lateral flow component is of major concern.
Hydraulic head
Figure 1 Relationship of the variables Hw and Z used in the hydraulic head equation. From Hubbert;[1] courtesy AAPG.
Hydraulic head (Hw) is the height or elevation above a given subsurface point at which a column connected to a body of water will equilibrate. It reflects the level of the potential energy possessed by the water.[2]
The equation for hydraulic head is
where:
- Hw = height above P (ft or m)
- Z = height (elevation) of P above a datum (ft or m)
- P = measured pressure (lb/ft2 or kg/cm2)
- ρ = density of fluid (lb/ft3 or g/cm3)
- g = coefficient of gravity (lb force/lb mass or kg force/kg mass)
Figure 1 illustrates the relationship of the variables Hw and Z used in the above equation.
Potential energy of fluids
Potential energy (Φ) is the driving force of fluid movement. Its magnitude depends on the hydraulic head (Hw) with respect to sea level and is expressed as
According to Dahlberg[2], hydraulic head serves as a practical approximation of fluid potential, since the only difference is the coefficient of gravity (g), which is fairly constant.
Potentiometric surface
Figure 2 Potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. From Schowalter;[3] courtesy AAPG.
The potentiometric surface is the surface defined by the hydraulic head (elevation) from a rock unit from several different wells. If the potentiometric surface for a given subsurface rock unit is horizontal, then the potential energy of the water in that formation is constant and the water is at rest (hydrostatic). If the potentiometric surface is sloping, then the water moves (hydrodynamic) in the direction of the greatest downward slope.[1]
Figure 2 shows the potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. The pressure-depth plot shows hypothetical pressure gradients for each condition.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hubbert, K., 1953, Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 8, p. 1954–2026. The original paper that proposed hydrodynamics as an important trapping mechanism.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dahlberg, E. C., 1994, Applied Hydrodynamics in Petroleum Exploration, 2nd ed.: New York, Springer-Verlag, 295 p. Excellent subsurface fluid pressure reference. Covers hydrodynamic and static fluids.
- ↑ Schowalter, T. T., 1979, Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760. Covers many fluid behavior principles, including pressure, with broad application to petroleum exploration.
External links
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