Changes

  | part    = Critical elements of the petroleum system

  | part    = Critical elements of the petroleum system

  | chapter = Formation fluid pressure and its application

  | chapter = Formation fluid pressure and its application

  | frompg  = 5-1

  | frompg  = 5-58

  | topg    = 5-64

  | topg    = 5-59

  | author  = Edward A. Beaumont, Forrest Fiedler

  | author  = Edward A. Beaumont, Forrest Fiedler

  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch05/ch05.htm

  | link    = http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/beaumont/ch05/ch05.htm

  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X

  | isbn    = 0-89181-602-X

}}

}}

Hydrodynamics describes lateral fluid movement through aquifers that have generally low dip. The fluids can have a vertical component to their movement but, on a basinwide scale, the lateral flow component is of major concern.

Hydrodynamics describes [[lateral]] fluid movement through [http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html aquifers that] have generally low [[dip]]. The fluids can have a vertical component to their movement but, on a basinwide scale, the lateral flow component is of major concern.

===Hydraulic head===

===Hydraulic head===

* P = measured pressure (lb/ft² or kg/cm²)

* P = measured pressure (lb/ft² or kg/cm²)

* ρ = density of fluid (lb/ft³ or g/cm³)

* ρ = density of fluid (lb/ft³ or g/cm³)

* g = coefficient of gravity (lb force/lb mass or kg force/kg mass)

* g = coefficient of [[gravity]] (lb force/lb mass or kg force/kg mass)

[[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-35.png|Figure 1]] illustrates the relationship of the variables H_w and Z used in the above equation.

[[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-35.png|Figure 1]] illustrates the relationship of the variables H_w and Z used in the above equation.

===Potentiometric surface===

===Potentiometric surface===

[[file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. From Schowalter, 1979; courtesy AAPG.]]

[[file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|300px|thumb|{{figure number|2}}Potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. From Schowalter;<ref name=Schowalter1979>Schowalter, T. T., 1979, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1977-79/data/pg/0063/0005/0700/0723.htm Mechanics of secondary hydrocarbon migration and entrapment]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 723–760. ''Covers many fluid behavior principles, including pressure, with broad application to petroleum exploration.''</ref> courtesy AAPG.]]

The Potentiometric surface is the surface defined by the hydraulic head (elevation) from a rock unit from several different wells. If the Potentiometrie surface for a given subsurface rock unit is horizontal, then the potential energy of the water in that formation is constant and the water is at rest (hydrostatic). If the Potentiometrie surface is sloping, then the water moves (hydrodynamic) in the direction of the greatest downward slope.<ref name=ch05r11>Hubbert, K., 1953, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1953-56/data/pg/0037/0008/1950/1954.htm Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 8, p. 1954–2026. ''The original paper that proposed hydrodynamics as an important trapping mechanism.''</ref>

The potentiometric surface is the surface defined by the hydraulic head (elevation) from a rock unit from several different wells. If the potentiometric surface for a given subsurface rock unit is horizontal, then the potential energy of the water in that formation is constant and the water is at rest (hydrostatic). If the potentiometric surface is sloping, then the water moves (hydrodynamic) in the direction of the greatest downward slope.<ref name=ch05r11>Hubbert, K., 1953, [http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1953-56/data/pg/0037/0008/1950/1954.htm Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions]: AAPG Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 8, p. 1954–2026. ''The original paper that proposed hydrodynamics as an important trapping mechanism.''</ref>

[[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|Figure 2]] shows the Potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. The pressure-depth plot shows hypothetical pressure gradients for each condition.

[[:file:formation-fluid-pressure-and-its-application_fig5-36.png|Figure 2]] shows the potentiometric surface for hydrodynamic updip and downdip flow and hydrostatic no flow. The pressure-depth plot shows hypothetical pressure gradients for each condition.

===See also===

===See also===

[[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]]  

[[Category:Critical elements of the petroleum system]]  

[[Category:Formation fluid pressure and its application]]

[[Category:Formation fluid pressure and its application]]