Changes

==Oxygen isotope correlation==

==Oxygen isotope correlation==

Statistical stacking of detailed records of oceanic ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios, based primarily on the analysis of foraminifera from numerous deep-ocean cores and calibration to the geologic time scale, lets us construct standard oxygen isotope chronologies for the Pliocene-Pleistocene.<ref name=ch17r75>Ruddiman, W., F., Raymo, M., E., Martinson, D., G., Clement, B., M., Backman, J., 1989, Pleistocene evolution: Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean: Paleoceanography, vol. 4, p. 353–412., 10., 1029/PA004i004p00353</ref><ref name=ch17r77>Shackleton, N., J., Berger, A., Peltier, W., R., 1990, An alternate astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene time scale based on Ocean Drilling Program Site 677: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, vol. 81, p. 251–261., 10., 1017/S0263593300020782</ref> and the Miocene and Oligocene<ref name=ch17r97>Wright, J., D., Miller, K., G., 1993, Southern Ocean influences on late Eocene to Miocene deep-water circulation: American Geophysical Union Antarctic Research Series, vol. 60, p. 1–25., 10., 1029/AR060</ref> Thus the oceanic ¹⁸O/¹⁶O record provides a precise correlative tool based on worldwide fluctuations in climate. Isotopic analysis of well-preserved foraminifera from core or outcrop samples or from well cuttings in areas of relatively high sedimentation rate may help us recognize worldwide oxygen isotope stages. Isotope studies can be useful locally in enhancing the stratigraphic resolution of existing biostratigraphy.

Statistical stacking of detailed records of oceanic ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios, based primarily on the analysis of foraminifera from numerous deep-ocean cores and calibration to the geologic time scale, lets us construct standard oxygen isotope chronologies for the Pliocene-Pleistocene.<ref name=ch17r75>Ruddiman, W. F., Raymo, M. E., Martinson, D. G., Clement, B. M., Backman, J., 1989, Pleistocene evolution: Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean: Paleoceanography, vol. 4, p. 353–412., 10., 1029/PA004i004p00353</ref><ref name=ch17r77>Shackleton, N. J., Berger, A., Peltier, W. R., 1990, An alternate astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene time scale based on Ocean Drilling Program Site 677: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, vol. 81, p. 251–261., 10., 1017/S0263593300020782</ref> and the Miocene and Oligocene<ref name=ch17r97 />. Thus the oceanic ¹⁸O/¹⁶O record provides a precise correlative tool based on worldwide fluctuations in climate. Isotopic analysis of well-preserved foraminifera from core or outcrop samples or from well cuttings in areas of relatively high sedimentation rate may help us recognize worldwide oxygen isotope stages. Isotope studies can be useful locally in enhancing the stratigraphic resolution of existing biostratigraphy.

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-30.png|Figure 2]] shows correlation of a Pleistocene section between two wells in the offshore Gulf of Mexico using bio stratigraphic control and the identification of standard oxygen isotope stages.

[[:file:applied-paleontology_fig17-30.png|Figure 2]] shows correlation of a Pleistocene section between two wells in the offshore Gulf of Mexico using bio stratigraphic control and the identification of standard oxygen isotope stages.